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ADVANCED CLINICAL TRIALS ANALYSIS USING SAS
/* Creating a Comprehensive Clinical Trials Dataset */
DATA Clinical_Trials;
LENGTH Drug_Name $20 Trial_Phase $10 Gender $6 Age_Group $10 Adverse_Effects $30 Dosage_mg 8;
INPUT Drug_ID Drug_Name $ Trial_Phase $ Gender $ Age_Group $ Efficacy_Percentage Adverse_Effects $ Dosage_mg;
DATALINES;
101 DrugA Phase1 Male 18-25 78 Nausea 50
102 DrugA Phase1 Female 26-35 82 Headache 55
103 DrugA Phase2 Male 36-45 85 None 60
104 DrugB Phase1 Female 18-25 60 Dizziness 45
105 DrugB Phase3 Male 26-35 92 None 70
106 DrugC Phase2 Female 36-45 74 Fatigue 65
107 DrugC Phase3 Male 46-60 88 Nausea 80
108 DrugD Phase1 Female 18-25 55 Rash 40
109 DrugD Phase2 Male 26-35 80 None 75
110 DrugE Phase3 Female 36-45 90 Vomiting 85
111 DrugF Phase1 Male 46-60 65 Headache 50
112 DrugG Phase2 Female 18-25 70 Fatigue 55
113 DrugH Phase3 Male 26-35 95 None 90
114 DrugI Phase1 Female 36-45 58 Rash 42
115 DrugJ Phase2 Male 46-60 82 Dizziness 78
116 DrugK Phase3 Female 18-25 89 None 88
117 DrugL Phase1 Male 26-35 72 Fatigue 60
118 DrugM Phase2 Female 36-45 77 Dizziness 62
119 DrugN Phase3 Male 46-60 85 Headache 80
120 DrugO Phase1 Female 18-25 68 Rash 58
121 DrugP Phase2 Male 26-35 91 Nausea 77
122 DrugQ Phase1 Female 36-45 75 Headache 64
123 DrugR Phase2 Male 46-60 83 None 82
124 DrugS Phase3 Female 18-25 88 Dizziness 79
125 DrugT Phase1 Male 26-35 79 Rash 66
126 DrugU Phase2 Female 36-45 81 None 70
127 DrugV Phase3 Male 46-60 87 Fatigue 85
128 DrugW Phase1 Female 18-25 64 Vomiting 50
129 DrugX Phase2 Male 26-35 90 None 92
130 DrugY Phase3 Female 36-45 93 Headache 94
131 DrugZ Phase1 Male 46-60 62 Rash 48
132 DrugAA Phase2 Female 18-25 80 Nausea 75
;
RUN;
/* Viewing the first few records */
PROC PRINT DATA=Clinical_Trials (OBS=30);
RUN;
OUTPUT:
Obs | Drug_Name | Trial_Phase | Gender | Age_Group | Adverse_Effects | Dosage_mg | Drug_ID | Efficacy_Percentage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | DrugA | Phase1 | Male | 18-25 | Nausea | 50 | 101 | 78 |
2 | DrugA | Phase1 | Female | 26-35 | Headache | 55 | 102 | 82 |
3 | DrugA | Phase2 | Male | 36-45 | None | 60 | 103 | 85 |
4 | DrugB | Phase1 | Female | 18-25 | Dizziness | 45 | 104 | 60 |
5 | DrugB | Phase3 | Male | 26-35 | None | 70 | 105 | 92 |
6 | DrugC | Phase2 | Female | 36-45 | Fatigue | 65 | 106 | 74 |
7 | DrugC | Phase3 | Male | 46-60 | Nausea | 80 | 107 | 88 |
8 | DrugD | Phase1 | Female | 18-25 | Rash | 40 | 108 | 55 |
9 | DrugD | Phase2 | Male | 26-35 | None | 75 | 109 | 80 |
10 | DrugE | Phase3 | Female | 36-45 | Vomiting | 85 | 110 | 90 |
11 | DrugF | Phase1 | Male | 46-60 | Headache | 50 | 111 | 65 |
12 | DrugG | Phase2 | Female | 18-25 | Fatigue | 55 | 112 | 70 |
13 | DrugH | Phase3 | Male | 26-35 | None | 90 | 113 | 95 |
14 | DrugI | Phase1 | Female | 36-45 | Rash | 42 | 114 | 58 |
15 | DrugJ | Phase2 | Male | 46-60 | Dizziness | 78 | 115 | 82 |
16 | DrugK | Phase3 | Female | 18-25 | None | 88 | 116 | 89 |
17 | DrugL | Phase1 | Male | 26-35 | Fatigue | 60 | 117 | 72 |
18 | DrugM | Phase2 | Female | 36-45 | Dizziness | 62 | 118 | 77 |
19 | DrugN | Phase3 | Male | 46-60 | Headache | 80 | 119 | 85 |
20 | DrugO | Phase1 | Female | 18-25 | Rash | 58 | 120 | 68 |
21 | DrugP | Phase2 | Male | 26-35 | Nausea | 77 | 121 | 91 |
22 | DrugQ | Phase1 | Female | 36-45 | Headache | 64 | 122 | 75 |
23 | DrugR | Phase2 | Male | 46-60 | None | 82 | 123 | 83 |
24 | DrugS | Phase3 | Female | 18-25 | Dizziness | 79 | 124 | 88 |
25 | DrugT | Phase1 | Male | 26-35 | Rash | 66 | 125 | 79 |
26 | DrugU | Phase2 | Female | 36-45 | None | 70 | 126 | 81 |
27 | DrugV | Phase3 | Male | 46-60 | Fatigue | 85 | 127 | 87 |
28 | DrugW | Phase1 | Female | 18-25 | Vomiting | 50 | 128 | 64 |
29 | DrugX | Phase2 | Male | 26-35 | None | 92 | 129 | 90 |
30 | DrugY | Phase3 | Female | 36-45 | Headache | 94 | 130 | 93 |
/* Descriptive Statistics */
PROC MEANS DATA=Clinical_Trials MEAN MEDIAN MIN MAX STD VAR;
VAR Efficacy_Percentage Dosage_mg;
RUN;
OUTPUT:
Variable | Mean | Median | Minimum | Maximum | Std Dev | Variance | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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/* Analyzing Adverse Effects Frequency */
PROC FREQ DATA=Clinical_Trials;
TABLES Adverse_Effects / CHISQ;
RUN;
OUTPUT:
Adverse_Effects | Frequency | Percent | Cumulative Frequency |
Cumulative Percent |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dizziness | 4 | 12.50 | 4 | 12.50 |
Fatigue | 4 | 12.50 | 8 | 25.00 |
Headache | 5 | 15.63 | 13 | 40.63 |
Nausea | 4 | 12.50 | 17 | 53.13 |
None | 8 | 25.00 | 25 | 78.13 |
Rash | 5 | 15.63 | 30 | 93.75 |
Vomiting | 2 | 6.25 | 32 | 100.00 |
Chi-Square Test for Equal Proportions | |
---|---|
Chi-Square | 4.3125 |
DF | 6 |
Pr > ChiSq | 0.6345 |
WARNING: The table cells have expected counts
less than 5. Chi-Square may not be a valid test. |
/* Distribution of Efficacy Scores */
PROC UNIVARIATE DATA=Clinical_Trials;
VAR Efficacy_Percentage Dosage_mg;
HISTOGRAM Efficacy_Percentage / NORMAL;
RUN;
OUTPUT:
Parameters for Normal Distribution | ||
---|---|---|
Parameter | Symbol | Estimate |
Mean | Mu | 78.6875 |
Std Dev | Sigma | 11.1107 |
Moments | |||
---|---|---|---|
N | 32 | Sum Weights | 32 |
Mean | 67.8125 | Sum Observations | 2170 |
Std Deviation | 15.6544078 | Variance | 245.060484 |
Skewness | -0.0880293 | Kurtosis | -1.1228854 |
Uncorrected SS | 154750 | Corrected SS | 7596.875 |
Coeff Variation | 23.084841 | Std Error Mean | 2.76733448 |
/* Boxplot for Efficacy by Trial Phase */
PROC SGPLOT DATA=Clinical_Trials;
VBOX Efficacy_Percentage / CATEGORY=Trial_Phase;
TITLE 'Efficacy by Trial Phase';
RUN;
/* Linear Regression Analysis */
PROC REG DATA=Clinical_Trials;
MODEL Efficacy_Percentage = Drug_ID Dosage_mg;
RUN;
/* ANOVA for Different Phases */
PROC GLM DATA=Clinical_Trials;
CLASS Trial_Phase;
MODEL Efficacy_Percentage = Trial_Phase Dosage_mg;
MEANS Trial_Phase / TUKEY;
RUN;
OUTPUT:
Note: | This test controls the Type I experimentwise error rate. |
Alpha | 0.05 |
---|---|
Error Degrees of Freedom | 28 |
Error Mean Square | 26.74439 |
Critical Value of Studentized Range | 3.49918 |
Comparisons significant at the 0.05 level are indicated by ***. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Trial_Phase Comparison |
Difference Between Means |
Simultaneous 95%
Confidence Limits |
||
Phase3 - Phase2 | 8.485 | 2.734 | 14.236 | *** |
Phase3 - Phase1 | 21.500 | 15.858 | 27.142 | *** |
Phase2 - Phase3 | -8.485 | -14.236 | -2.734 | *** |
Phase2 - Phase1 | 13.015 | 7.674 | 18.356 | *** |
Phase1 - Phase3 | -21.500 | -27.142 | -15.858 | *** |
Phase1 - Phase2 | -13.015 | -18.356 | -7.674 | *** |
/* Correlation Between Drug ID, Dosage, and Efficacy */
PROC CORR DATA=Clinical_Trials PEARSON SPEARMAN;
VAR Drug_ID Dosage_mg Efficacy_Percentage;
RUN;
OUTPUT:
3 Variables: | Drug_ID Dosage_mg Efficacy_Percentage |
---|
Simple Statistics | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | N | Mean | Std Dev | Median | Minimum | Maximum |
Drug_ID | 32 | 116.50000 | 9.38083 | 116.50000 | 101.00000 | 132.00000 |
Dosage_mg | 32 | 67.81250 | 15.65441 | 68.00000 | 40.00000 | 94.00000 |
Efficacy_Percentage | 32 | 78.68750 | 11.11070 | 80.50000 | 55.00000 | 95.00000 |
Pearson Correlation
Coefficients, N = 32 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Drug_ID | Dosage_mg | Efficacy_Percentage | |||||||
Drug_ID |
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Dosage_mg |
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Efficacy_Percentage |
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Spearman Correlation
Coefficients, N = 32 Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Drug_ID | Dosage_mg | Efficacy_Percentage | |||||||
Drug_ID |
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Dosage_mg |
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Efficacy_Percentage |
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/* Data Normalization */
DATA Clinical_Trials_Normalized;
SET Clinical_Trials;
Normalized_Efficacy = (Efficacy_Percentage - 60) / (95 - 60);
Normalized_Dosage = (Dosage_mg - 40) / (95 - 40);
RUN;
PROC PRINT DATA=Clinical_Trials_Normalized;
RUN;
OUTPUT:
Obs | Drug_Name | Trial_Phase | Gender | Age_Group | Adverse_Effects | Dosage_mg | Drug_ID | Efficacy_Percentage | Normalized_Efficacy | Normalized_Dosage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | DrugA | Phase1 | Male | 18-25 | Nausea | 50 | 101 | 78 | 0.51429 | 0.18182 |
2 | DrugA | Phase1 | Female | 26-35 | Headache | 55 | 102 | 82 | 0.62857 | 0.27273 |
3 | DrugA | Phase2 | Male | 36-45 | None | 60 | 103 | 85 | 0.71429 | 0.36364 |
4 | DrugB | Phase1 | Female | 18-25 | Dizziness | 45 | 104 | 60 | 0.00000 | 0.09091 |
5 | DrugB | Phase3 | Male | 26-35 | None | 70 | 105 | 92 | 0.91429 | 0.54545 |
6 | DrugC | Phase2 | Female | 36-45 | Fatigue | 65 | 106 | 74 | 0.40000 | 0.45455 |
7 | DrugC | Phase3 | Male | 46-60 | Nausea | 80 | 107 | 88 | 0.80000 | 0.72727 |
8 | DrugD | Phase1 | Female | 18-25 | Rash | 40 | 108 | 55 | -0.14286 | 0.00000 |
9 | DrugD | Phase2 | Male | 26-35 | None | 75 | 109 | 80 | 0.57143 | 0.63636 |
10 | DrugE | Phase3 | Female | 36-45 | Vomiting | 85 | 110 | 90 | 0.85714 | 0.81818 |
11 | DrugF | Phase1 | Male | 46-60 | Headache | 50 | 111 | 65 | 0.14286 | 0.18182 |
12 | DrugG | Phase2 | Female | 18-25 | Fatigue | 55 | 112 | 70 | 0.28571 | 0.27273 |
13 | DrugH | Phase3 | Male | 26-35 | None | 90 | 113 | 95 | 1.00000 | 0.90909 |
14 | DrugI | Phase1 | Female | 36-45 | Rash | 42 | 114 | 58 | -0.05714 | 0.03636 |
15 | DrugJ | Phase2 | Male | 46-60 | Dizziness | 78 | 115 | 82 | 0.62857 | 0.69091 |
16 | DrugK | Phase3 | Female | 18-25 | None | 88 | 116 | 89 | 0.82857 | 0.87273 |
17 | DrugL | Phase1 | Male | 26-35 | Fatigue | 60 | 117 | 72 | 0.34286 | 0.36364 |
18 | DrugM | Phase2 | Female | 36-45 | Dizziness | 62 | 118 | 77 | 0.48571 | 0.40000 |
19 | DrugN | Phase3 | Male | 46-60 | Headache | 80 | 119 | 85 | 0.71429 | 0.72727 |
20 | DrugO | Phase1 | Female | 18-25 | Rash | 58 | 120 | 68 | 0.22857 | 0.32727 |
21 | DrugP | Phase2 | Male | 26-35 | Nausea | 77 | 121 | 91 | 0.88571 | 0.67273 |
22 | DrugQ | Phase1 | Female | 36-45 | Headache | 64 | 122 | 75 | 0.42857 | 0.43636 |
23 | DrugR | Phase2 | Male | 46-60 | None | 82 | 123 | 83 | 0.65714 | 0.76364 |
24 | DrugS | Phase3 | Female | 18-25 | Dizziness | 79 | 124 | 88 | 0.80000 | 0.70909 |
25 | DrugT | Phase1 | Male | 26-35 | Rash | 66 | 125 | 79 | 0.54286 | 0.47273 |
26 | DrugU | Phase2 | Female | 36-45 | None | 70 | 126 | 81 | 0.60000 | 0.54545 |
27 | DrugV | Phase3 | Male | 46-60 | Fatigue | 85 | 127 | 87 | 0.77143 | 0.81818 |
28 | DrugW | Phase1 | Female | 18-25 | Vomiting | 50 | 128 | 64 | 0.11429 | 0.18182 |
29 | DrugX | Phase2 | Male | 26-35 | None | 92 | 129 | 90 | 0.85714 | 0.94545 |
30 | DrugY | Phase3 | Female | 36-45 | Headache | 94 | 130 | 93 | 0.94286 | 0.98182 |
31 | DrugZ | Phase1 | Male | 46-60 | Rash | 48 | 131 | 62 | 0.05714 | 0.14545 |
32 | DrugAA | Phase2 | Female | 18-25 | Nausea | 75 | 132 | 80 | 0.57143 | 0.63636 |
/* Logistic Regression to Predict Adverse Effects */
PROC LOGISTIC DATA=Clinical_Trials;
CLASS Gender Trial_Phase Age_Group / PARAM=REF;
MODEL Adverse_Effects = Gender Trial_Phase Age_Group Efficacy_Percentage Dosage_mg / LINK=GLOGIT SELECTION=FORWARD;
RUN;
OUTPUT:
Model Information | |
---|---|
Data Set | WORK.CLINICAL_TRIALS |
Response Variable | Adverse_Effects |
Number of Response Levels | 7 |
Model | generalized logit |
Optimization Technique | Newton-Raphson |
Number of Observations Read | 32 |
---|---|
Number of Observations Used | 32 |
/* Exporting Final Dataset */
PROC EXPORT DATA=Clinical_Trials
OUTFILE='clinical_trials_extended.csv'
DBMS=CSV
REPLACE;
RUN;
/* Extended Analysis on Gender Influence */
PROC TTEST DATA=Clinical_Trials;
CLASS Gender;
VAR Efficacy_Percentage Dosage_mg;
RUN;
OUTPUT:
Gender | N | Mean | Std Dev | Std Err | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | 16 | 75.2500 | 11.9359 | 2.9840 | 55.0000 | 93.0000 |
Male | 16 | 82.1250 | 9.3515 | 2.3379 | 62.0000 | 95.0000 |
Diff (1-2) | -6.8750 | 10.7219 | 3.7908 |
Gender | Method | Mean | 95% CL Mean | Std Dev | 95% CL Std Dev | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | 75.2500 | 68.8898 | 81.6102 | 11.9359 | 8.8171 | 18.4731 | |
Male | 82.1250 | 77.1420 | 87.1080 | 9.3515 | 6.9080 | 14.4732 | |
Diff (1-2) | Pooled | -6.8750 | -14.6167 | 0.8667 | 10.7219 | 8.5680 | 14.3316 |
Diff (1-2) | Satterthwaite | -6.8750 | -14.6354 | 0.8854 |
Variable: Dosage_mg |
Gender | N | Mean | Std Dev | Std Err | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | 16 | 64.1875 | 16.5699 | 4.1425 | 40.0000 | 94.0000 |
Male | 16 | 71.4375 | 14.2780 | 3.5695 | 48.0000 | 92.0000 |
Diff (1-2) | -7.2500 | 15.4665 | 5.4682 |
Gender | Method | Mean | 95% CL Mean | Std Dev | 95% CL Std Dev | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | 64.1875 | 55.3580 | 73.0170 | 16.5699 | 12.2403 | 25.6451 | |
Male | 71.4375 | 63.8293 | 79.0457 | 14.2780 | 10.5473 | 22.0980 | |
Diff (1-2) | Pooled | -7.2500 | -18.4176 | 3.9176 | 15.4665 | 12.3595 | 20.6737 |
Diff (1-2) | Satterthwaite | -7.2500 | -18.4279 | 3.9279 |
/* Creating a New Subset with High Efficacy Drugs */
DATA High_Efficacy_Drugs;
SET Clinical_Trials;
IF Efficacy_Percentage > 85;
RUN;
PROC PRINT DATA=High_Efficacy_Drugs;
RUN;
OUTPUT:
Obs | Drug_Name | Trial_Phase | Gender | Age_Group | Adverse_Effects | Dosage_mg | Drug_ID | Efficacy_Percentage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | DrugB | Phase3 | Male | 26-35 | None | 70 | 105 | 92 |
2 | DrugC | Phase3 | Male | 46-60 | Nausea | 80 | 107 | 88 |
3 | DrugE | Phase3 | Female | 36-45 | Vomiting | 85 | 110 | 90 |
4 | DrugH | Phase3 | Male | 26-35 | None | 90 | 113 | 95 |
5 | DrugK | Phase3 | Female | 18-25 | None | 88 | 116 | 89 |
6 | DrugP | Phase2 | Male | 26-35 | Nausea | 77 | 121 | 91 |
7 | DrugS | Phase3 | Female | 18-25 | Dizziness | 79 | 124 | 88 |
8 | DrugV | Phase3 | Male | 46-60 | Fatigue | 85 | 127 | 87 |
9 | DrugX | Phase2 | Male | 26-35 | None | 92 | 129 | 90 |
10 | DrugY | Phase3 | Female | 36-45 | Headache | 94 | 130 | 93 |
/* Clustering Analysis for Trial Phases */
PROC FASTCLUS DATA=Clinical_Trials OUT=Clustered MAXCLUSTERS=3;
VAR Efficacy_Percentage Dosage_mg;
RUN;
PROC PRINT DATA=Clustered;
RUN;
OUTPUT:
Obs | Drug_Name | Trial_Phase | Gender | Age_Group | Adverse_Effects | Dosage_mg | Drug_ID | Efficacy_Percentage | CLUSTER | DISTANCE |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | DrugA | Phase1 | Male | 18-25 | Nausea | 50 | 101 | 78 | 1 | 14.2039 |
2 | DrugA | Phase1 | Female | 26-35 | Headache | 55 | 102 | 82 | 1 | 9.9038 |
3 | DrugA | Phase2 | Male | 36-45 | None | 60 | 103 | 85 | 1 | 7.8794 |
4 | DrugB | Phase1 | Female | 18-25 | Dizziness | 45 | 104 | 60 | 2 | 1.0672 |
5 | DrugB | Phase3 | Male | 26-35 | None | 70 | 105 | 92 | 1 | 14.8465 |
6 | DrugC | Phase2 | Female | 36-45 | Fatigue | 65 | 106 | 74 | 1 | 4.4066 |
7 | DrugC | Phase3 | Male | 46-60 | Nausea | 80 | 107 | 88 | 3 | 4.8319 |
8 | DrugD | Phase1 | Female | 18-25 | Rash | 40 | 108 | 55 | 2 | 8.1326 |
9 | DrugD | Phase2 | Male | 26-35 | None | 75 | 109 | 80 | 1 | 10.9278 |
10 | DrugE | Phase3 | Female | 36-45 | Vomiting | 85 | 110 | 90 | 3 | 1.0365 |
11 | DrugF | Phase1 | Male | 46-60 | Headache | 50 | 111 | 65 | 2 | 6.0116 |
12 | DrugG | Phase2 | Female | 18-25 | Fatigue | 55 | 112 | 70 | 1 | 12.4131 |
13 | DrugH | Phase3 | Male | 26-35 | None | 90 | 113 | 95 | 3 | 7.9876 |
14 | DrugI | Phase1 | Female | 36-45 | Rash | 42 | 114 | 58 | 2 | 4.6696 |
15 | DrugJ | Phase2 | Male | 46-60 | Dizziness | 78 | 115 | 82 | 3 | 9.7086 |
16 | DrugK | Phase3 | Female | 18-25 | None | 88 | 116 | 89 | 3 | 3.2727 |
17 | DrugL | Phase1 | Male | 26-35 | Fatigue | 60 | 117 | 72 | 1 | 7.5994 |
18 | DrugM | Phase2 | Female | 36-45 | Dizziness | 62 | 118 | 77 | 1 | 2.5725 |
19 | DrugN | Phase3 | Male | 46-60 | Headache | 80 | 119 | 85 | 3 | 6.1925 |
20 | DrugO | Phase1 | Female | 18-25 | Rash | 58 | 120 | 68 | 1 | 12.0506 |
21 | DrugP | Phase2 | Male | 26-35 | Nausea | 77 | 121 | 91 | 3 | 7.9819 |
22 | DrugQ | Phase1 | Female | 36-45 | Headache | 64 | 122 | 75 | 1 | 3.3393 |
23 | DrugR | Phase2 | Male | 46-60 | None | 82 | 123 | 83 | 3 | 6.5908 |
24 | DrugS | Phase3 | Female | 18-25 | Dizziness | 79 | 124 | 88 | 3 | 5.8139 |
25 | DrugT | Phase1 | Male | 26-35 | Rash | 66 | 125 | 79 | 1 | 1.9195 |
26 | DrugU | Phase2 | Female | 36-45 | None | 70 | 126 | 81 | 1 | 6.3837 |
27 | DrugV | Phase3 | Male | 46-60 | Fatigue | 85 | 127 | 87 | 3 | 2.0185 |
28 | DrugW | Phase1 | Female | 18-25 | Vomiting | 50 | 128 | 64 | 2 | 5.3359 |
29 | DrugX | Phase2 | Male | 26-35 | None | 92 | 129 | 90 | 3 | 7.3412 |
30 | DrugY | Phase3 | Female | 36-45 | Headache | 94 | 130 | 93 | 3 | 10.0987 |
31 | DrugZ | Phase1 | Male | 46-60 | Rash | 48 | 131 | 62 | 2 | 2.5441 |
32 | DrugAA | Phase2 | Female | 18-25 | Nausea | 75 | 132 | 80 | 1 | 10.9278 |
/* Additional Analysis: Comparing Efficacy across Age Groups */
PROC GLM DATA=Clinical_Trials;
CLASS Age_Group;
MODEL Efficacy_Percentage = Age_Group Dosage_mg;
MEANS Age_Group / TUKEY;
RUN;
OUTPUT:
Note: | This test controls the Type I experimentwise error rate. |
Alpha | 0.05 |
---|---|
Error Degrees of Freedom | 27 |
Error Mean Square | 24.70637 |
Critical Value of Studentized Range | 3.87009 |
Comparisons significant at the 0.05 level are indicated by ***. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Age_Group Comparison |
Difference Between Means |
Simultaneous 95%
Confidence Limits |
||
26-35 - 36-45 | 6.000 | -0.801 | 12.801 | |
26-35 - 46-60 | 6.268 | -0.772 | 13.308 | |
26-35 - 18-25 | 12.681 | 6.071 | 19.290 | *** |
36-45 - 26-35 | -6.000 | -12.801 | 0.801 | |
36-45 - 46-60 | 0.268 | -6.772 | 7.308 | |
36-45 - 18-25 | 6.681 | 0.071 | 13.290 | *** |
46-60 - 26-35 | -6.268 | -13.308 | 0.772 | |
46-60 - 36-45 | -0.268 | -7.308 | 6.772 | |
46-60 - 18-25 | 6.413 | -0.442 | 13.268 | |
18-25 - 26-35 | -12.681 | -19.290 | -6.071 | *** |
18-25 - 36-45 | -6.681 | -13.290 | -0.071 | *** |
18-25 - 46-60 | -6.413 | -13.268 | 0.442 |
/* Extending Dataset with More Records */
DATA Clinical_Trials_Extended;
SET Clinical_Trials;
OUTPUT;
Drug_ID = Drug_ID + 100;
Efficacy_Percentage = Efficacy_Percentage - 5 + RANUNI(12345)*10;
Dosage_mg = Dosage_mg + 5 - RANUNI(12345)*10;
OUTPUT;
RUN;
PROC PRINT DATA=Clinical_Trials_Extended (OBS=40);
RUN;
Obs | Drug_Name | Trial_Phase | Gender | Age_Group | Adverse_Effects | Dosage_mg | Drug_ID | Efficacy_Percentage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | DrugA | Phase1 | Male | 18-25 | Nausea | 50.0000 | 101 | 78.0000 |
2 | DrugA | Phase1 | Male | 18-25 | Nausea | 47.5481 | 201 | 76.6292 |
3 | DrugA | Phase1 | Female | 26-35 | Headache | 55.0000 | 102 | 82.0000 |
4 | DrugA | Phase1 | Female | 26-35 | Headache | 57.2372 | 202 | 85.3106 |
5 | DrugA | Phase2 | Male | 36-45 | None | 60.0000 | 103 | 85.0000 |
6 | DrugA | Phase2 | Male | 36-45 | None | 57.7112 | 203 | 81.8382 |
7 | DrugB | Phase1 | Female | 18-25 | Dizziness | 45.0000 | 104 | 60.0000 |
8 | DrugB | Phase1 | Female | 18-25 | Dizziness | 42.6568 | 204 | 55.7789 |
9 | DrugB | Phase3 | Male | 26-35 | None | 70.0000 | 105 | 92.0000 |
10 | DrugB | Phase3 | Male | 26-35 | None | 67.3592 | 205 | 94.0725 |
11 | DrugC | Phase2 | Female | 36-45 | Fatigue | 65.0000 | 106 | 74.0000 |
12 | DrugC | Phase2 | Female | 36-45 | Fatigue | 68.1841 | 206 | 73.8775 |
13 | DrugC | Phase3 | Male | 46-60 | Nausea | 80.0000 | 107 | 88.0000 |
14 | DrugC | Phase3 | Male | 46-60 | Nausea | 81.0640 | 207 | 84.5277 |
15 | DrugD | Phase1 | Female | 18-25 | Rash | 40.0000 | 108 | 55.0000 |
16 | DrugD | Phase1 | Female | 18-25 | Rash | 36.4051 | 208 | 54.5952 |
17 | DrugD | Phase2 | Male | 26-35 | None | 75.0000 | 109 | 80.0000 |
18 | DrugD | Phase2 | Male | 26-35 | None | 78.1871 | 209 | 78.9254 |
19 | DrugE | Phase3 | Female | 36-45 | Vomiting | 85.0000 | 110 | 90.0000 |
20 | DrugE | Phase3 | Female | 36-45 | Vomiting | 87.6468 | 210 | 86.6223 |
21 | DrugF | Phase1 | Male | 46-60 | Headache | 50.0000 | 111 | 65.0000 |
22 | DrugF | Phase1 | Male | 46-60 | Headache | 49.3007 | 211 | 62.8021 |
23 | DrugG | Phase2 | Female | 18-25 | Fatigue | 55.0000 | 112 | 70.0000 |
24 | DrugG | Phase2 | Female | 18-25 | Fatigue | 51.9984 | 212 | 68.5052 |
25 | DrugH | Phase3 | Male | 26-35 | None | 90.0000 | 113 | 95.0000 |
26 | DrugH | Phase3 | Male | 26-35 | None | 91.3577 | 213 | 96.1897 |
27 | DrugI | Phase1 | Female | 36-45 | Rash | 42.0000 | 114 | 58.0000 |
28 | DrugI | Phase1 | Female | 36-45 | Rash | 46.4816 | 214 | 55.0024 |
29 | DrugJ | Phase2 | Male | 46-60 | Dizziness | 78.0000 | 115 | 82.0000 |
30 | DrugJ | Phase2 | Male | 46-60 | Dizziness | 80.6996 | 215 | 86.6894 |
31 | DrugK | Phase3 | Female | 18-25 | None | 88.0000 | 116 | 89.0000 |
32 | DrugK | Phase3 | Female | 18-25 | None | 92.7943 | 216 | 90.2346 |
33 | DrugL | Phase1 | Male | 26-35 | Fatigue | 60.0000 | 117 | 72.0000 |
34 | DrugL | Phase1 | Male | 26-35 | Fatigue | 55.1299 | 217 | 75.3182 |
35 | DrugM | Phase2 | Female | 36-45 | Dizziness | 62.0000 | 118 | 77.0000 |
36 | DrugM | Phase2 | Female | 36-45 | Dizziness | 64.8396 | 218 | 75.5687 |
37 | DrugN | Phase3 | Male | 46-60 | Headache | 80.0000 | 119 | 85.0000 |
38 | DrugN | Phase3 | Male | 46-60 | Headache | 83.6183 | 219 | 84.1884 |
39 | DrugO | Phase1 | Female | 18-25 | Rash | 58.0000 | 120 | 68.0000 |
40 | DrugO | Phase1 | Female | 18-25 | Rash | 62.4931 | 220 | 70.4536 |
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