341.FAMOUS SCIENTISTS DATA ANALYSIS USING PROC SQL | PROC MEANS | PROC RANK | PROC FORMAT | PROC SGPLOT | MACROS | DATE FUNCTIONS FOR IMPACT EVALUATION | RANKING INSIGHTS | TIME-BASED SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION STUDY

FAMOUS SCIENTISTS DATA ANALYSIS USING PROC SQL | PROC MEANS | PROC RANK | PROC FORMAT | PROC SGPLOT | MACROS | DATE FUNCTIONS FOR IMPACT EVALUATION | RANKING INSIGHTS | TIME-BASED SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTION STUDY

options nocenter;

1.DATASET CREATION 

data scientists;

    length Scientist_Name $30 Country $20 Field $25 Awards $40 Inventions $50 Birth_Date $10;

    format  Discovery_Date date9.;

    input Scientist_Name $ Country $ Field $ Awards $ Inventions $ Impact_Score

           Birth_Date $ Discovery_Date :date9.;

datalines;

Einstein Germany Physics Nobel_Prize Relativity 98 14MAR1879 01JAN1905

Newton UK Physics None Laws_of_Motion 97 04JAN1643 01JAN1687

Curie Poland Chemistry Nobel_Prize Radioactivity 96 07NOV1867 01JAN1898

Tesla Serbia Engineering None AC_Current 95 10JUL1856 01JAN1887

Darwin UK Biology None Evolution 94 12FEB1809 01JAN1859

Galileo Italy Astronomy None Telescope 93 15FEB1564 01JAN1610

Edison USA Engineering None Light_Bulb 92 11FEB1847 01JAN1879

Faraday UK Physics None Electromagnetism 91 22SEP1791 01JAN1831

Bohr Denmark Physics Nobel_Prize Atomic_Model 90 07OCT1885 01JAN1913

Feynman USA Physics Nobel_Prize Quantum_Theory 89 11MAY1918 01JAN1948

Hawking UK Physics None Black_Holes 88 08JAN1942 01JAN1974

Raman India Physics Nobel_Prize Raman_Effect 87 07NOV1888 28FEB1928

;

run;

proc print data=scientists;

run;

OUTPUT:

Obs	Scientist_Name	Country	Field	Awards	Inventions	Birth_Date	Discovery_Date	Impact_Score
1	Einstein	Germany	Physics	Nobel_Prize	Relativity	14MAR1879	01JAN1905	98
2	Newton	UK	Physics	None	Laws_of_Motion	04JAN1643	01JAN1687	97
3	Curie	Poland	Chemistry	Nobel_Prize	Radioactivity	07NOV1867	01JAN1898	96
4	Tesla	Serbia	Engineering	None	AC_Current	10JUL1856	01JAN1887	95
5	Darwin	UK	Biology	None	Evolution	12FEB1809	01JAN1859	94
6	Galileo	Italy	Astronomy	None	Telescope	15FEB1564	01JAN1610	93
7	Edison	USA	Engineering	None	Light_Bulb	11FEB1847	01JAN1879	92
8	Faraday	UK	Physics	None	Electromagnetism	22SEP1791	01JAN1831	91
9	Bohr	Denmark	Physics	Nobel_Prize	Atomic_Model	07OCT1885	01JAN1913	90
10	Feynman	USA	Physics	Nobel_Prize	Quantum_Theory	11MAY1918	01JAN1948	89
11	Hawking	UK	Physics	None	Black_Holes	08JAN1942	01JAN1974	88
12	Raman	India	Physics	Nobel_Prize	Raman_Effect	07NOV1888	28FEB1928	87

2.DATA REVIEW AND STRUCTURE CHECK

proc contents data=scientists;

run;

OUTPUT:

The CONTENTS Procedure

Data Set Name	WORK.SCIENTISTS	Observations	12
Member Type	DATA	Variables	8
Engine	V9	Indexes	0
Created	12/17/2025 07:16:14	Observation Length	192
Last Modified	12/17/2025 07:16:14	Deleted Observations	0
Protection		Compressed	NO
Data Set Type		Sorted	NO
Label
Data Representation	SOLARIS_X86_64, LINUX_X86_64, ALPHA_TRU64, LINUX_IA64
Encoding	utf-8 Unicode (UTF-8)

Engine/Host Dependent Information
Data Set Page Size	131072
Number of Data Set Pages	1
First Data Page	1
Max Obs per Page	682
Obs in First Data Page	12
Number of Data Set Repairs	0
Filename	/saswork/SAS_work4389000164D4_odaws02-apse1-2.oda.sas.com/SAS_work894F000164D4_odaws02-apse1-2.oda.sas.com/scientists.sas7bdat
Release Created	9.0401M8
Host Created	Linux
Inode Number	1046139
Access Permission	rw-r--r--
Owner Name	u63247146
File Size	256KB
File Size (bytes)	262144

Alphabetic List of Variables and Attributes
#	Variable	Type	Len	Format
4	Awards	Char	40
6	Birth_Date	Char	10
2	Country	Char	20
7	Discovery_Date	Num	8	DATE9.
3	Field	Char	25
8	Impact_Score	Num	8
5	Inventions	Char	50
1	Scientist_Name	Char	30

proc print data=scientists(obs=5);

run;

OUTPUT:

Obs	Scientist_Name	Country	Field	Awards	Inventions	Birth_Date	Discovery_Date	Impact_Score
1	Einstein	Germany	Physics	Nobel_Prize	Relativity	14MAR1879	01JAN1905	98
2	Newton	UK	Physics	None	Laws_of_Motion	04JAN1643	01JAN1687	97
3	Curie	Poland	Chemistry	Nobel_Prize	Radioactivity	07NOV1867	01JAN1898	96
4	Tesla	Serbia	Engineering	None	AC_Current	10JUL1856	01JAN1887	95
5	Darwin	UK	Biology	None	Evolution	12FEB1809	01JAN1859	94

3.Create a Derived Dataset with Years Since Discovery

proc sql;

    create table sci_analysis as

    select *,

           intck('year', Discovery_Date, today()) as Years_Since_Discovery

    from scientists;

quit;

proc print data=sci_analysis;

run;

OUTPUT:

Obs	Scientist_Name	Country	Field	Awards	Inventions	Birth_Date	Discovery_Date	Impact_Score	Years_Since_Discovery
1	Einstein	Germany	Physics	Nobel_Prize	Relativity	14MAR1879	01JAN1905	98	120
2	Newton	UK	Physics	None	Laws_of_Motion	04JAN1643	01JAN1687	97	338
3	Curie	Poland	Chemistry	Nobel_Prize	Radioactivity	07NOV1867	01JAN1898	96	127
4	Tesla	Serbia	Engineering	None	AC_Current	10JUL1856	01JAN1887	95	138
5	Darwin	UK	Biology	None	Evolution	12FEB1809	01JAN1859	94	166
6	Galileo	Italy	Astronomy	None	Telescope	15FEB1564	01JAN1610	93	415
7	Edison	USA	Engineering	None	Light_Bulb	11FEB1847	01JAN1879	92	146
8	Faraday	UK	Physics	None	Electromagnetism	22SEP1791	01JAN1831	91	194
9	Bohr	Denmark	Physics	Nobel_Prize	Atomic_Model	07OCT1885	01JAN1913	90	112
10	Feynman	USA	Physics	Nobel_Prize	Quantum_Theory	11MAY1918	01JAN1948	89	77
11	Hawking	UK	Physics	None	Black_Holes	08JAN1942	01JAN1974	88	51
12	Raman	India	Physics	Nobel_Prize	Raman_Effect	07NOV1888	28FEB1928	87	97

4.DATE ADVANCEMENT USING INTNX

data sci_dates;

    set sci_analysis;

    Next_Review_Date = intnx('year', Discovery_Date, 10, 'same');

    format Next_Review_Date date9.;

run;

proc print data=sci_dates;

run;

OUTPUT:

Obs	Scientist_Name	Country	Field	Awards	Inventions	Birth_Date	Discovery_Date	Impact_Score	Years_Since_Discovery	Next_Review_Date
1	Einstein	Germany	Physics	Nobel_Prize	Relativity	14MAR1879	01JAN1905	98	120	01JAN1915
2	Newton	UK	Physics	None	Laws_of_Motion	04JAN1643	01JAN1687	97	338	01JAN1697
3	Curie	Poland	Chemistry	Nobel_Prize	Radioactivity	07NOV1867	01JAN1898	96	127	01JAN1908
4	Tesla	Serbia	Engineering	None	AC_Current	10JUL1856	01JAN1887	95	138	01JAN1897
5	Darwin	UK	Biology	None	Evolution	12FEB1809	01JAN1859	94	166	01JAN1869
6	Galileo	Italy	Astronomy	None	Telescope	15FEB1564	01JAN1610	93	415	01JAN1620
7	Edison	USA	Engineering	None	Light_Bulb	11FEB1847	01JAN1879	92	146	01JAN1889
8	Faraday	UK	Physics	None	Electromagnetism	22SEP1791	01JAN1831	91	194	01JAN1841
9	Bohr	Denmark	Physics	Nobel_Prize	Atomic_Model	07OCT1885	01JAN1913	90	112	01JAN1923
10	Feynman	USA	Physics	Nobel_Prize	Quantum_Theory	11MAY1918	01JAN1948	89	77	01JAN1958
11	Hawking	UK	Physics	None	Black_Holes	08JAN1942	01JAN1974	88	51	01JAN1984
12	Raman	India	Physics	Nobel_Prize	Raman_Effect	07NOV1888	28FEB1928	87	97	28FEB1938

5.STATISTICAL SUMMARY (PROC MEANS)

proc means data=sci_dates min max mean;

    var Impact_Score Years_Since_Discovery;

run;

OUTPUT:

The MEANS Procedure

Variable	Minimum	Maximum	Mean
Impact_Score Years_Since_Discovery	87.0000000 51.0000000	98.0000000 415.0000000	92.5000000 165.0833333

6.IMPACT RANKING USING PROC RANK

proc rank data=sci_dates out=sci_rank descending;

    var Impact_Score;

    ranks Impact_Rank;

run;

proc print data=sci_rank;

run;

OUTPUT:

Obs	Scientist_Name	Country	Field	Awards	Inventions	Birth_Date	Discovery_Date	Impact_Score	Years_Since_Discovery	Next_Review_Date	Impact_Rank
1	Einstein	Germany	Physics	Nobel_Prize	Relativity	14MAR1879	01JAN1905	98	120	01JAN1915	1
2	Newton	UK	Physics	None	Laws_of_Motion	04JAN1643	01JAN1687	97	338	01JAN1697	2
3	Curie	Poland	Chemistry	Nobel_Prize	Radioactivity	07NOV1867	01JAN1898	96	127	01JAN1908	3
4	Tesla	Serbia	Engineering	None	AC_Current	10JUL1856	01JAN1887	95	138	01JAN1897	4
5	Darwin	UK	Biology	None	Evolution	12FEB1809	01JAN1859	94	166	01JAN1869	5
6	Galileo	Italy	Astronomy	None	Telescope	15FEB1564	01JAN1610	93	415	01JAN1620	6
7	Edison	USA	Engineering	None	Light_Bulb	11FEB1847	01JAN1879	92	146	01JAN1889	7
8	Faraday	UK	Physics	None	Electromagnetism	22SEP1791	01JAN1831	91	194	01JAN1841	8
9	Bohr	Denmark	Physics	Nobel_Prize	Atomic_Model	07OCT1885	01JAN1913	90	112	01JAN1923	9
10	Feynman	USA	Physics	Nobel_Prize	Quantum_Theory	11MAY1918	01JAN1948	89	77	01JAN1958	10
11	Hawking	UK	Physics	None	Black_Holes	08JAN1942	01JAN1974	88	51	01JAN1984	11
12	Raman	India	Physics	Nobel_Prize	Raman_Effect	07NOV1888	28FEB1928	87	97	28FEB1938	12

7.CUSTOM FORMATS USING PROC FORMAT

proc format;

    value impactfmt

        low - <85 = 'LOW IMPACT'

        85 - <95 = 'HIGH IMPACT'

        95 - high = 'LEGENDARY IMPACT';

run;

LOG:

NOTE: Format IMPACTFMT has been output.

data sci_format;

    set sci_rank;

    format Impact_Score impactfmt.;

run;

proc print data=sci_format;

run;

OUTPUT:

Obs	Scientist_Name	Country	Field	Awards	Inventions	Birth_Date	Discovery_Date	Impact_Score	Years_Since_Discovery	Next_Review_Date	Impact_Rank
1	Einstein	Germany	Physics	Nobel_Prize	Relativity	14MAR1879	01JAN1905	LEGENDARY IMPACT	120	01JAN1915	1
2	Newton	UK	Physics	None	Laws_of_Motion	04JAN1643	01JAN1687	LEGENDARY IMPACT	338	01JAN1697	2
3	Curie	Poland	Chemistry	Nobel_Prize	Radioactivity	07NOV1867	01JAN1898	LEGENDARY IMPACT	127	01JAN1908	3
4	Tesla	Serbia	Engineering	None	AC_Current	10JUL1856	01JAN1887	LEGENDARY IMPACT	138	01JAN1897	4
5	Darwin	UK	Biology	None	Evolution	12FEB1809	01JAN1859	HIGH IMPACT	166	01JAN1869	5
6	Galileo	Italy	Astronomy	None	Telescope	15FEB1564	01JAN1610	HIGH IMPACT	415	01JAN1620	6
7	Edison	USA	Engineering	None	Light_Bulb	11FEB1847	01JAN1879	HIGH IMPACT	146	01JAN1889	7
8	Faraday	UK	Physics	None	Electromagnetism	22SEP1791	01JAN1831	HIGH IMPACT	194	01JAN1841	8
9	Bohr	Denmark	Physics	Nobel_Prize	Atomic_Model	07OCT1885	01JAN1913	HIGH IMPACT	112	01JAN1923	9
10	Feynman	USA	Physics	Nobel_Prize	Quantum_Theory	11MAY1918	01JAN1948	HIGH IMPACT	77	01JAN1958	10
11	Hawking	UK	Physics	None	Black_Holes	08JAN1942	01JAN1974	HIGH IMPACT	51	01JAN1984	11
12	Raman	India	Physics	Nobel_Prize	Raman_Effect	07NOV1888	28FEB1928	HIGH IMPACT	97	28FEB1938	12

8.MACRO FOR AUTOMATED RANKING REPORT

%macro impact_report(min_score);

    proc sql;

        select Scientist_Name, Field, Impact_Score, Impact_Rank

        from sci_rank

        where Impact_Score >= &min_score;

    quit;

%mend;

%impact_report(90);

OUTPUT:

Scientist_Name	Field	Impact_Score	Rank for Variable Impact_Score
Einstein	Physics	98	1
Newton	Physics	97	2
Curie	Chemistry	96	3
Tesla	Engineering	95	4
Darwin	Biology	94	5
Galileo	Astronomy	93	6
Edison	Engineering	92	7
Faraday	Physics	91	8
Bohr	Physics	90	9

9.PROC FREQ

proc freq data=sci_format;

    tables Field Country;

run;

OUTPUT:

The FREQ Procedure

Field	Frequency	Percent	Cumulative Frequency	Cumulative Percent
Astronomy	1	8.33	1	8.33
Biology	1	8.33	2	16.67
Chemistry	1	8.33	3	25.00
Engineering	2	16.67	5	41.67
Physics	7	58.33	12	100.00

Country	Frequency	Percent	Cumulative Frequency	Cumulative Percent
Denmark	1	8.33	1	8.33
Germany	1	8.33	2	16.67
India	1	8.33	3	25.00
Italy	1	8.33	4	33.33
Poland	1	8.33	5	41.67
Serbia	1	8.33	6	50.00
UK	4	33.33	10	83.33
USA	2	16.67	12	100.00

10.IMPACT SCORE BY SCIENTIST (BAR CHART)

proc sgplot data=sci_rank;

    vbar Scientist_Name / response=Impact_Score datalabel;

    xaxis discreteorder=data label="SCIENTIST NAME";

    yaxis label="IMPACT SCORE";

    title "IMPACT SCORE COMPARISON OF FAMOUS SCIENTISTS";

run;

OUTPUT:

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