158.COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF BIRD SPECIES OBSERVATIONS IN INDIA USING SAS PROCEDURES: PROC CONTENTS | PROC PRINT | PROC SORT | PROC SQL | PROC MEANS | PROC FREQ | PROC RANK | PROC CORR | PROC SGPLOT | PROC EXPORT

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COMPREHENSIVE ANALYSIS OF BIRD SPECIES OBSERVATIONS IN INDIA USING SAS PROCEDURES: PROC CONTENTS | PROC PRINT | PROC SORT | PROC SQL | PROC MEANS | PROC FREQ | PROC RANK | PROC CORR | PROC SGPLOT | PROC EXPORT


/*Creating a unique dataset "Bird Species Observations in India".*/

1.Dataset Creation: Bird Species Observations in India

Creating a dataset named bird_observations containing the following variables:

Species_Name (Character): Name of the bird species.

Location (Character): Location of the sighting.

Observation_Date (Date): Date of the observation.

Observer_Name (Character): Name of the person who observed.

Count (Numeric): Number of birds observed.

Weather_Condition (Character): Weather during observation.


data bird_observations;

    infile datalines dlm=',' dsd;

    length Species_Name $50 Location $50 Observer_Name $50 Weather_Condition $20;

    input Species_Name $ Location $ Observation_Date :date9. Observer_Name $ Count Weather_Condition $;

    format Observation_Date date9.;

    datalines;

"Indian Peafowl","Hyderabad",15APR2025,"Arjun Rao",5,"Sunny"

"House Sparrow","Delhi",16APR2025,"Meera Singh",12,"Cloudy"

"Common Myna","Mumbai",14APR2025,"Rahul Verma",8,"Rainy"

"Rose-ringed Parakeet","Chennai",13APR2025,"Lakshmi Nair",15,"Sunny"

"Black Kite","Kolkata",12APR2025,"Anil Kapoor",3,"Windy"

"Indian Peafowl","Jaipur",11APR2025,"Sneha Roy",7,"Sunny"

"House Sparrow","Bangalore",10APR2025,"Vikram Das",10,"Cloudy"

"Common Myna","Pune",09APR2025,"Priya Menon",6,"Rainy"

"Rose-ringed Parakeet","Ahmedabad",08APR2025,"Ravi Shankar",9,"Sunny"

"Black Kite","Lucknow",07APR2025,"Neha Gupta",4,"Windy"

;

run;

proc contents data=bird_observations;

run;

Output:

                                                                    The CONTENTS Procedure

Data Set Name WORK.BIRD_OBSERVATIONS Observations 10
Member Type DATA Variables 6
Engine V9 Indexes 0
Created 14/09/2015 00:02:35 Observation Length 192
Last Modified 14/09/2015 00:02:35 Deleted Observations 0
Protection   Compressed NO
Data Set Type   Sorted NO
Label      
Data Representation WINDOWS_64    
Encoding wlatin1 Western (Windows)    


Engine/Host Dependent Information
Data Set Page Size 65536
Number of Data Set Pages 1
First Data Page 1
Max Obs per Page 340
Obs in First Data Page 10
Number of Data Set Repairs 0
ExtendObsCounter YES
Filename C:\Users\Lenovo\AppData\Local\Temp\SAS Temporary Files\_TD7088_DESKTOP-QFAA4KV_\bird_observations.sas7bdat
Release Created 9.0401M2
Host Created X64_8HOME


Alphabetic List of Variables and Attributes
# Variable Type Len Format
6 Count Num 8  
2 Location Char 50  
5 Observation_Date Num 8 DATE9.
3 Observer_Name Char 50  
1 Species_Name Char 50  
4 Weather_Condition Char 20  


proc print data=bird_observations;

run;

Output:

Obs Species_Name Location Observer_Name Weather_Condition Observation_Date Count
1 Indian Peafowl Hyderabad Arjun Rao Sunny 15APR2025 5
2 House Sparrow Delhi Meera Singh Cloudy 16APR2025 12
3 Common Myna Mumbai Rahul Verma Rainy 14APR2025 8
4 Rose-ringed Parakeet Chennai Lakshmi Nair Sunny 13APR2025 15
5 Black Kite Kolkata Anil Kapoor Windy 12APR2025 3
6 Indian Peafowl Jaipur Sneha Roy Sunny 11APR2025 7
7 House Sparrow Bangalore Vikram Das Cloudy 10APR2025 10
8 Common Myna Pune Priya Menon Rainy 09APR2025 6
9 Rose-ringed Parakeet Ahmedabad Ravi Shankar Sunny 08APR2025 9
10 Black Kite Lucknow Neha Gupta Windy 07APR2025 4


2.Data Cleaning and Transformation

/*a. Standardizing Species Names*/

/*Ensure that species names are in proper case.*/

data bird_observations_clean;

    set bird_observations;

    Species_Name = propcase(Species_Name);

run;

proc print;run;

Output:

Obs Species_Name Location Observer_Name Weather_Condition Observation_Date Count
1 Indian Peafowl Hyderabad Arjun Rao Sunny 15APR2025 5
2 House Sparrow Delhi Meera Singh Cloudy 16APR2025 12
3 Common Myna Mumbai Rahul Verma Rainy 14APR2025 8
4 Rose-Ringed Parakeet Chennai Lakshmi Nair Sunny 13APR2025 15
5 Black Kite Kolkata Anil Kapoor Windy 12APR2025 3
6 Indian Peafowl Jaipur Sneha Roy Sunny 11APR2025 7
7 House Sparrow Bangalore Vikram Das Cloudy 10APR2025 10
8 Common Myna Pune Priya Menon Rainy 09APR2025 6
9 Rose-Ringed Parakeet Ahmedabad Ravi Shankar Sunny 08APR2025 9
10 Black Kite Lucknow Neha Gupta Windy 07APR2025 4


/*b. Creating a New Variable: Month of Observation*/

/*Extract the month from the observation date.*/

data bird_observations_clean;

    set bird_observations_clean;

    Observation_Month = month(Observation_Date);

run;

proc print;run;

Output:

Obs Species_Name Location Observer_Name Weather_Condition Observation_Date Count Observation_Month
1 Indian Peafowl Hyderabad Arjun Rao Sunny 15APR2025 5 4
2 House Sparrow Delhi Meera Singh Cloudy 16APR2025 12 4
3 Common Myna Mumbai Rahul Verma Rainy 14APR2025 8 4
4 Rose-Ringed Parakeet Chennai Lakshmi Nair Sunny 13APR2025 15 4
5 Black Kite Kolkata Anil Kapoor Windy 12APR2025 3 4
6 Indian Peafowl Jaipur Sneha Roy Sunny 11APR2025 7 4
7 House Sparrow Bangalore Vikram Das Cloudy 10APR2025 10 4
8 Common Myna Pune Priya Menon Rainy 09APR2025 6 4
9 Rose-Ringed Parakeet Ahmedabad Ravi Shankar Sunny 08APR2025 9 4
10 Black Kite Lucknow Neha Gupta Windy 07APR2025 4 4


3.Descriptive Statistics

/*a. Total Observations per Species*/

proc sql;

    select Species_Name, sum(Count) as Total_Observed

    from bird_observations_clean

    group by Species_Name;

quit;

Output:

Species_Name Total_Observed
Black Kite 7
Common Myna 14
House Sparrow 22
Indian Peafowl 12
Rose-Ringed Parakeet 24


/*b. Average Count per Observation*/

proc means data=bird_observations_clean mean;

    var Count;

run;

Output:

                                                                  The MEANS Procedure

Analysis Variable
: Count
Mean
7.9000000


4.Frequency Analysis

/*a. Frequency of Observations by Weather Condition*/

proc freq data=bird_observations_clean;

    tables Weather_Condition;

run;

Output:

                                                             The FREQ Procedure

Weather_Condition Frequency Percent Cumulative
Frequency		 Cumulative
Percent
Cloudy 2 20.00 2 20.00
Rainy 2 20.00 4 40.00
Sunny 4 40.00 8 80.00
Windy 2 20.00 10 100.00


/*b. Cross-tabulation: Species and Weather Condition*/

proc freq data=bird_observations_clean;

    tables Species_Name*Weather_Condition / norow nocol nopercent;

run;

Output:

                                                            The FREQ Procedure

Frequency
Table of Species_Name by Weather_Condition
Species_Name Weather_Condition
Cloudy Rainy Sunny Windy Total
Black Kite
0
0
0
2
2
Common Myna
0
2
0
0
2
House Sparrow
2
0
0
0
2
Indian Peafowl
0
0
2
0
2
Rose-Ringed Parakeet
0
0
2
0
2
Total
2
2
4
2
10


5.Sorting and Ranking

/*a. Sorting by Count Descending*/

proc sort data=bird_observations_clean out=sorted_observations;

    by descending Count;

run;

proc print data=sorted_observations;

run;

Output:

Obs Species_Name Location Observer_Name Weather_Condition Observation_Date Count Observation_Month
1 Rose-Ringed Parakeet Chennai Lakshmi Nair Sunny 13APR2025 15 4
2 House Sparrow Delhi Meera Singh Cloudy 16APR2025 12 4
3 House Sparrow Bangalore Vikram Das Cloudy 10APR2025 10 4
4 Rose-Ringed Parakeet Ahmedabad Ravi Shankar Sunny 08APR2025 9 4
5 Common Myna Mumbai Rahul Verma Rainy 14APR2025 8 4
6 Indian Peafowl Jaipur Sneha Roy Sunny 11APR2025 7 4
7 Common Myna Pune Priya Menon Rainy 09APR2025 6 4
8 Indian Peafowl Hyderabad Arjun Rao Sunny 15APR2025 5 4
9 Black Kite Lucknow Neha Gupta Windy 07APR2025 4 4
10 Black Kite Kolkata Anil Kapoor Windy 12APR2025 3 4


/*b. Ranking Species by Total Observations*/

proc sql;

    create table species_rank as

    select Species_Name, sum(Count) as Total_Observed

    from bird_observations_clean

    group by Species_Name

    order by Total_Observed desc;

quit;

proc print;run;

Output:

Obs Species_Name Total_Observed
1 Rose-Ringed Parakeet 24
2 House Sparrow 22
3 Common Myna 14
4 Indian Peafowl 12
5 Black Kite 7


proc rank data=species_rank out=species_ranked ties=low descending;

    var Total_Observed;

    ranks Rank;

run;


proc print data=species_ranked;

run;

Output:

Obs Species_Name Total_Observed Rank
1 Rose-Ringed Parakeet 24 1
2 House Sparrow 22 2
3 Common Myna 14 3
4 Indian Peafowl 12 4
5 Black Kite 7 5


6.Visualization

/*a. Bar Chart: Total Observations per Species*/

proc sgplot data=species_rank;

    vbar Species_Name / response=Total_Observed datalabel;

    title "Total Observations per Bird Species";

run;

Log:

NOTE: PROCEDURE SGPLOT used (Total process time):

      real time           2.29 seconds

      cpu time            0.64 seconds


NOTE: Listing image output written to SGPlot1.png.

NOTE: There were 5 observations read from the data set WORK.SPECIES_RANK.


/*b. Line Chart: Observations Over Dates*/

proc sgplot data=bird_observations_clean;

    series x=Observation_Date y=Count / group=Species_Name markers;

    title "Bird Observations Over Time";

run;

Log:

NOTE: PROCEDURE SGPLOT used (Total process time):

      real time           0.40 seconds

      cpu time            0.06 seconds


NOTE: Listing image output written to SGPlot5.png.

NOTE: There were 10 observations read from the data set WORK.BIRD_OBSERVATIONS_CLEAN.


7.Advanced Analysis

/*a. Correlation Analysis: Count and Observation Month*/

proc corr data=bird_observations_clean;

    var Count Observation_Month;

run;

Output:

                                                                     The CORR Procedure

2 Variables: Count Observation_Month


Simple Statistics
Variable N Mean Std Dev Sum Minimum Maximum
Count 10 7.90000 3.72529 79.00000 3.00000 15.00000
Observation_Month 10 4.00000 0 40.00000 4.00000 4.00000


Pearson Correlation Coefficients, N = 10
Prob > |r| under H0: Rho=0
  Count Observation_Month
Count
1.00000
 
.
.
Observation_Month
.
.
.
.


8.Exporting the Cleaned Dataset

/*Export the cleaned dataset to a CSV file*/

proc export data=bird_observations_clean

    outfile="C:\SAS\bird_observations_clean.csv"

    dbms=csv

    replace;

run;


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