205.ANALYZING ANCIENT ITEMS ARTIFACTS ACROSS CIVILIZATIONS USING PROC PRINT | PROC MEANS | PROC FREQ | PROC SORT | PROC SQL | PROC MACRO IN SAS TO EXPLORE HISTORY HERITAGE CULTURE AGE RARITY WEIGHT MATERIALS AND DISCOVERY LOCATIONS THROUGH ADVANCED DATA ANALYSIS

ANALYZING ANCIENT ITEMS ARTIFACTS ACROSS CIVILIZATIONS USING PROC PRINT | PROC MEANS | PROC FREQ | PROC SORT | PROC SQL | PROC MACRO IN SAS TO EXPLORE HISTORY HERITAGE CULTURE AGE RARITY WEIGHT MATERIALS AND DISCOVERY LOCATIONS THROUGH ADVANCED DATA ANALYSIS

/*A custom dataset of Ancient Items*/

Step 1: Creating the Ancient Items Dataset

data Ancient_Items;

    length  Item_ID $15 Item_Name $20 Civilization $15 Category $15

            Discovery_Location $15 Rarity_Level $15;

    input Item_ID $ Item_Name $ Civilization $ Category $ Material $ Estimated_Age_Years

          Weight_grams Discovery_Location $ Rarity_Level $;

    datalines;

A001 Scroll_Edfu Egypt Scroll Papyrus 2200 150 Edfu Rare

A002 Harappa_Seal Indus Artifact Stone 4000 250 Harappa Unique

A003 Spartan_Sword Greece Weapon Iron 2500 300 Sparta Common

A004 Terracotta_Figure China Statue Clay 2300 500 Xian Rare

A005 Viking_Axe Scandinavia Weapon Iron 1200 850 Oslo Common

A006 Babylonian_Tablet Mesopotamia Tablet Clay 3500 400 Babylon Rare

A007 Roman_Coin Rome Currency Metal 1900 50 Rome Common

A008 Egyptian_Amulet Egypt Jewelry Gold 3000 80 Giza Rare

A009 Mayan_Calendar Mayan Tool Stone 1200 600 Yucatan Unique

A010 Samurai_Helmet Japan Armor Steel 900 1200 Kyoto Rare

A011 Persian_Cup Persia Vessel Bronze 2700 450 Persepolis Rare

A012 Celtic_Shield Europe Armor Iron 1800 2000 Dublin Common

A013 Aztec_Knife Aztec Weapon Obsidian 1000 350 Tenochtitlan Unique

A014 Greek_Vase Greece Vessel Ceramic 2600 550 Athens Rare

A015 Stone_Hammer Prehistoric Tool Stone 5000 800 Altamira Common

A016 Oracle_Bone China Divination Bone 3200 300 Anyang Rare

A017 Incan_Necklace Inca Jewelry Silver 1400 60 Cusco Rare

;

run;

proc print;run;

Output:

Obs	Item_ID	Item_Name	Civilization	Category	Discovery_Location	Rarity_Level	Material	Estimated_Age_Years	Weight_grams
1	A001	Scroll_Edfu	Egypt	Scroll	Edfu	Rare	Papyrus	2200	150
2	A002	Harappa_Seal	Indus	Artifact	Harappa	Unique	Stone	4000	250
3	A003	Spartan_Sword	Greece	Weapon	Sparta	Common	Iron	2500	300
4	A004	Terracotta_Figure	China	Statue	Xian	Rare	Clay	2300	500
5	A005	Viking_Axe	Scandinavia	Weapon	Oslo	Common	Iron	1200	850
6	A006	Babylonian_Tablet	Mesopotamia	Tablet	Babylon	Rare	Clay	3500	400
7	A007	Roman_Coin	Rome	Currency	Rome	Common	Metal	1900	50
8	A008	Egyptian_Amulet	Egypt	Jewelry	Giza	Rare	Gold	3000	80
9	A009	Mayan_Calendar	Mayan	Tool	Yucatan	Unique	Stone	1200	600
10	A010	Samurai_Helmet	Japan	Armor	Kyoto	Rare	Steel	900	1200
11	A011	Persian_Cup	Persia	Vessel	Persepolis	Rare	Bronze	2700	450
12	A012	Celtic_Shield	Europe	Armor	Dublin	Common	Iron	1800	2000
13	A013	Aztec_Knife	Aztec	Weapon	Tenochtitlan	Unique	Obsidian	1000	350
14	A014	Greek_Vase	Greece	Vessel	Athens	Rare	Ceramic	2600	550
15	A015	Stone_Hammer	Prehistoric	Tool	Altamira	Common	Stone	5000	800
16	A016	Oracle_Bone	China	Divination	Anyang	Rare	Bone	3200	300
17	A017	Incan_Necklace	Inca	Jewelry	Cusco	Rare	Silver	1400	60

Step 2: PROC PRINT – Display the Entire Dataset

title "Display of Ancient Items Dataset";

proc print data=Ancient_Items noobs;

run;

Output:

Display of Ancient Items Dataset

Item_ID	Item_Name	Civilization	Category	Discovery_Location	Rarity_Level	Material	Estimated_Age_Years	Weight_grams
A001	Scroll_Edfu	Egypt	Scroll	Edfu	Rare	Papyrus	2200	150
A002	Harappa_Seal	Indus	Artifact	Harappa	Unique	Stone	4000	250
A003	Spartan_Sword	Greece	Weapon	Sparta	Common	Iron	2500	300
A004	Terracotta_Figure	China	Statue	Xian	Rare	Clay	2300	500
A005	Viking_Axe	Scandinavia	Weapon	Oslo	Common	Iron	1200	850
A006	Babylonian_Tablet	Mesopotamia	Tablet	Babylon	Rare	Clay	3500	400
A007	Roman_Coin	Rome	Currency	Rome	Common	Metal	1900	50
A008	Egyptian_Amulet	Egypt	Jewelry	Giza	Rare	Gold	3000	80
A009	Mayan_Calendar	Mayan	Tool	Yucatan	Unique	Stone	1200	600
A010	Samurai_Helmet	Japan	Armor	Kyoto	Rare	Steel	900	1200
A011	Persian_Cup	Persia	Vessel	Persepolis	Rare	Bronze	2700	450
A012	Celtic_Shield	Europe	Armor	Dublin	Common	Iron	1800	2000
A013	Aztec_Knife	Aztec	Weapon	Tenochtitlan	Unique	Obsidian	1000	350
A014	Greek_Vase	Greece	Vessel	Athens	Rare	Ceramic	2600	550
A015	Stone_Hammer	Prehistoric	Tool	Altamira	Common	Stone	5000	800
A016	Oracle_Bone	China	Divination	Anyang	Rare	Bone	3200	300
A017	Incan_Necklace	Inca	Jewelry	Cusco	Rare	Silver	1400	60

Step 3: PROC SORT – Sort by Civilization and Age

title "Sorted Ancient Items by Civilization and Age";

proc sort data=Ancient_Items out=Sorted_Items;

    by Civilization descending Estimated_Age_Years;

run;

proc print data=Sorted_Items;

run;

Output:

Sorted Ancient Items by Civilization and Age

Obs	Item_ID	Item_Name	Civilization	Category	Discovery_Location	Rarity_Level	Material	Estimated_Age_Years	Weight_grams
1	A013	Aztec_Knife	Aztec	Weapon	Tenochtitlan	Unique	Obsidian	1000	350
2	A016	Oracle_Bone	China	Divination	Anyang	Rare	Bone	3200	300
3	A004	Terracotta_Figure	China	Statue	Xian	Rare	Clay	2300	500
4	A008	Egyptian_Amulet	Egypt	Jewelry	Giza	Rare	Gold	3000	80
5	A001	Scroll_Edfu	Egypt	Scroll	Edfu	Rare	Papyrus	2200	150
6	A012	Celtic_Shield	Europe	Armor	Dublin	Common	Iron	1800	2000
7	A014	Greek_Vase	Greece	Vessel	Athens	Rare	Ceramic	2600	550
8	A003	Spartan_Sword	Greece	Weapon	Sparta	Common	Iron	2500	300
9	A017	Incan_Necklace	Inca	Jewelry	Cusco	Rare	Silver	1400	60
10	A002	Harappa_Seal	Indus	Artifact	Harappa	Unique	Stone	4000	250
11	A010	Samurai_Helmet	Japan	Armor	Kyoto	Rare	Steel	900	1200
12	A009	Mayan_Calendar	Mayan	Tool	Yucatan	Unique	Stone	1200	600
13	A006	Babylonian_Tablet	Mesopotamia	Tablet	Babylon	Rare	Clay	3500	400
14	A011	Persian_Cup	Persia	Vessel	Persepolis	Rare	Bronze	2700	450
15	A015	Stone_Hammer	Prehistoric	Tool	Altamira	Common	Stone	5000	800
16	A007	Roman_Coin	Rome	Currency	Rome	Common	Metal	1900	50
17	A005	Viking_Axe	Scandinavia	Weapon	Oslo	Common	Iron	1200	850

Step 4: PROC MEANS – Analyze Numeric Variables

title "Statistical Summary of Age and Weight of Ancient Items";

proc means data=Ancient_Items min max mean median std;

    var Estimated_Age_Years Weight_grams;

run;

Output:

Statistical Summary of Age and Weight of Ancient Items

The MEANS Procedure

Variable	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Median	Std Dev
Estimated_Age_Years Weight_grams	900.0000000 50.0000000	5000.00 2000.00	2376.47 522.9411765	2300.00 400.0000000	1129.45 489.1672095

Step 5: PROC FREQ – Frequency of Categories and Materials

title "Frequency of Ancient Item Categories";

proc freq data=Ancient_Items;

    tables Category Material Rarity_Level / nocum nopercent;

run;

Output:

Frequency of Ancient Item Categories

The FREQ Procedure

Category	Frequency
Armor	2
Artifact	1
Currency	1
Divination	1
Jewelry	2
Scroll	1
Statue	1
Tablet	1
Tool	2
Vessel	2
Weapon	3

Material	Frequency
Bone	1
Bronze	1
Ceramic	1
Clay	2
Gold	1
Iron	3
Metal	1
Obsidian	1
Papyrus	1
Silver	1
Steel	1
Stone	3

Rarity_Level	Frequency
Common	5
Rare	9
Unique	3

Step 6: PROC SQL – Use SQL for Data Filtering and Aggregation

A. List all Unique Civilizations

proc sql;

    title "List of Civilizations in Dataset";

    select distinct Civilization from Ancient_Items;

quit;

Output:

List of Civilizations in Dataset

Civilization
Aztec
China
Egypt
Europe
Greece
Inca
Indus
Japan
Mayan
Mesopotamia
Persia
Prehistoric
Rome
Scandinavia

B. Average Age per Category

proc sql;

    title "Average Estimated Age by Item Category";

    select Category, avg(Estimated_Age_Years) as Avg_Age

    from Ancient_Items

    group by Category;

quit;

Output:

Average Estimated Age by Item Category

Category	Avg_Age
Armor	1350
Artifact	4000
Currency	1900
Divination	3200
Jewelry	2200
Scroll	2200
Statue	2300
Tablet	3500
Tool	3100
Vessel	2650
Weapon	1566.667

C. Heaviest Item from Each Civilization

proc sql;

    title "Heaviest Item from Each Civilization";

    select a.Civilization, a.Item_Name, a.Weight_grams

    from Ancient_Items as a

    inner join (

        select Civilization, max(Weight_grams) as Max_Weight

        from Ancient_Items

        group by Civilization

    ) as b

    on a.Civilization = b.Civilization and a.Weight_grams = b.Max_Weight;

quit;

Output:

Heaviest Item from Each Civilization

Civilization	Item_Name	Weight_grams
Egypt	Scroll_Edfu	150
Indus	Harappa_Seal	250
China	Terracotta_Figure	500
Scandinavia	Viking_Axe	850
Mesopotamia	Babylonian_Tablet	400
Rome	Roman_Coin	50
Mayan	Mayan_Calendar	600
Japan	Samurai_Helmet	1200
Persia	Persian_Cup	450
Europe	Celtic_Shield	2000
Aztec	Aztec_Knife	350
Greece	Greek_Vase	550
Prehistoric	Stone_Hammer	800
Inca	Incan_Necklace	60

Step 7: PROC MACRO – Automate Filtering by Civilization

Define a Macro to Filter Items by Civilization:

%macro FilterByCivilization(civ);

    title "Items from &civ Civilization";

    proc print data=Ancient_Items;

        where Civilization = "&civ";

    run;

%mend;

%FilterByCivilization(Egypt);

Output:

Items from Egypt Civilization

Obs	Item_ID	Item_Name	Civilization	Category	Discovery_Location	Rarity_Level	Material	Estimated_Age_Years	Weight_grams
1	A001	Scroll_Edfu	Egypt	Scroll	Edfu	Rare	Papyrus	2200	150
8	A008	Egyptian_Amulet	Egypt	Jewelry	Giza	Rare	Gold	3000	80

%FilterByCivilization(Greece);

Output:

Items from Greece Civilization

Obs	Item_ID	Item_Name	Civilization	Category	Discovery_Location	Rarity_Level	Material	Estimated_Age_Years	Weight_grams
3	A003	Spartan_Sword	Greece	Weapon	Sparta	Common	Iron	2500	300
14	A014	Greek_Vase	Greece	Vessel	Athens	Rare	Ceramic	2600	550

%FilterByCivilization(China);

Output:

Items from China Civilization

Obs	Item_ID	Item_Name	Civilization	Category	Discovery_Location	Rarity_Level	Material	Estimated_Age_Years	Weight_grams
4	A004	Terracotta_Figure	China	Statue	Xian	Rare	Clay	2300	500
16	A016	Oracle_Bone	China	Divination	Anyang	Rare	Bone	3200	300

Step 8: Advanced Macro to Compute Stats for Specific Material

%macro MaterialStats(material);

    title "Analysis of Items Made from &material";

    proc sql;

        select count(*) as Count, avg(Estimated_Age_Years) as Avg_Age, 

               min(Weight_grams) as Min_Weight, max(Weight_grams) as Max_Weight

        from Ancient_Items

        where Material = "&material";

    quit;

%mend;

%MaterialStats(Stone);

Output:

Analysis of Items Made from Stone

Count	Avg_Age	Min_Weight	Max_Weight
3	3400	250	800

%MaterialStats(Iron);

Output:

Analysis of Items Made from Iron

Count	Avg_Age	Min_Weight	Max_Weight
3	1833.333	300	2000

Step 9: Custom Insight Examples

Oldest Items Above 3000 Years:

proc sql;

    title "Items Older than 3000 Years";

    select Item_Name, Civilization, Estimated_Age_Years

    from Ancient_Items

    where Estimated_Age_Years > 3000

    order by Estimated_Age_Years desc;

quit;

Output:

Items Older than 3000 Years

Item_Name	Civilization	Estimated_Age_Years
Stone_Hammer	Prehistoric	5000
Harappa_Seal	Indus	4000
Babylonian_Tablet	Mesopotamia	3500
Oracle_Bone	China	3200

Unique Items List:

proc sql;

    title "List of Unique Ancient Items";

    select Item_Name, Civilization, Category

    from Ancient_Items

    where Rarity_Level = "Unique";

quit;

Output:

List of Unique Ancient Items

Item_Name	Civilization	Category
Harappa_Seal	Indus	Artifact
Mayan_Calendar	Mayan	Tool
Aztec_Knife	Aztec	Weapon

Step 10:Exporting Final Dataset

proc export data=Ancient_Items

    outfile="AncientItems.csv"

    dbms=csv

    replace;

run;

Log:

NOTE: The file 'AncientItems.csv' is:

      Filename=C:\sas folder\SASFoundation\9.4\AncientItems.csv,

      RECFM=V,LRECL=32767,File Size (bytes)=0,

      Last Modified=09 June 2025 16:32:20,

      Create Time=09 June 2025 16:32:20

NOTE: 18 records were written to the file 'AncientItems.csv'.

      The minimum record length was 55.

      The maximum record length was 113.

NOTE: There were 17 observations read from the data set WORK.ANCIENT_ITEMS.

NOTE: DATA statement used (Total process time):

      real time           0.26 seconds

      cpu time            0.09 seconds

17 records created in AncientItems.csv from ANCIENT_ITEMS.

NOTE: "AncientItems.csv" file was successfully created.

NOTE: PROCEDURE EXPORT used (Total process time):

      real time           2.87 seconds

      cpu time            0.40 seconds

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