243.COMPREHENSIVE TOXICOLOGICAL DATA ANALYSIS OF DIVERSE POISONS USING PROC PRINT | PROC SORT | PROC MEANS | PROC FREQ | PROC SQL | SAS MACROS | IN A CLINICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH CONTEXT

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COMPREHENSIVE TOXICOLOGICAL DATA ANALYSIS OF DIVERSE POISONS USING PROC PRINT | PROC SORT | PROC MEANS | PROC FREQ | PROC SQL | SAS MACROS | IN A CLINICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH CONTEXT

 /*Creating the dataset different types of poisons*/

Step 1: Creating the Dataset - Types of Poisons

options nocenter;

data poisons_dataset;

  length Poison_ID $5 Name $25 Source $20 Type $15 Symptoms $50 Toxicity_Level $10 Antidote $30 Fatal_Dose_mg 8;

  input Poison_ID $ Name $ Source $ Type $ Symptoms $ Toxicity_Level $ Antidote $ Fatal_Dose_mg;

  datalines;

P001 Arsenic Mineral Inorganic Vomiting/Diarrhea High Dimercaprol 70

P002 Cyanide Industrial Inorganic Seizures/Coma Very_High Hydroxocobalamin 200

P003 Ricin Plant Protein-based Vomiting/Seizure Very_High No_known_cure 1

P004 Strychnine Plant Alkaloid Muscle_spasms High Activated_Charcoal 50

P005 Methanol Alcohol Organic Nausea/Blindness Medium Ethanol/Fomepizole 30000

P006 Mercury Metal Inorganic Tremors/Memory_loss High Chelation_Therapy 500

P007 Lead Metal Inorganic Anemia/Abdominal_Pain High EDTA 1000

P008 Belladonna Plant Alkaloid Dry_mouth/Hallucinations Medium Physostigmine 20

P009 CarbonMonoxide Air Gas Headache/Nausea Medium Oxygen_Therapy 1500

P010 Chloroform Industrial Halocarbon Dizziness/Unconsciousness Medium None 10000

P011 Nicotine Plant Alkaloid Vomiting/Seizures High Activated_Charcoal 60

P012 DDT Pesticide Organochlorine Tremors/Nausea Medium None 2500

P013 VX_NerveGas Chemical Nerve_Agent Convulsions/Paralysis Very_High Atropine 0.01

P014 Sarin Chemical Nerve_Agent Seizures/Resp_failure Very_High Atropine/2-PAM 0.05

P015 Amatoxin Mushroom Cyclic_peptide Liver_failure Very_High Silibinin 0.1

P016 Methamphetamine Synthetic Stimulant Anxiety/Seizure Medium Sedatives 100

P017 EthyleneGlycol Antifreeze Alcohol Nausea/Seizure Medium Fomepizole 10000

P018 Antimony Metal Inorganic Vomiting/Dizziness Medium Chelation 900

P019 Aconitine Plant Alkaloid Numbness/Arrhythmia High No_known_antidote 5

P020 Batrachotoxin Animal Neurotoxin Muscle_paralysis Very_High No_antidote 0.002

P021 Thallium Metal Inorganic Hair_loss/Neuropathy High Prussian_Blue 15

P022 Hemlock Plant Alkaloid Respiratory_failure High Activated_Charcoal 100

P023 Dioxin Industrial Organic Skin_lesions/Liver_damage Medium No_antidote 50

P024 Formaldehyde Industrial Aldehyde Throat_irritation/Nausea Medium Supportive_Therapy 5000

P025 SnakeVenom Animal Protein-based Paralysis/Death Very_High Antivenom 0.05

P026 BotulinumToxin Bacterial Neurotoxin Muscle_weakness/Paralysis Very_High Antitoxin 0.0001

;

run;

proc print;run;

Output:

Obs Poison_ID Name Source Type Symptoms Toxicity_Level Antidote Fatal_Dose_mg
1 P001 Arsenic Mineral Inorganic Vomiting/Diarrhea High Dimercaprol 70.00
2 P002 Cyanide Industrial Inorganic Seizures/Coma Very_High Hydroxocobalamin 200.00
3 P003 Ricin Plant Protein-based Vomiting/Seizure Very_High No_known_cure 1.00
4 P004 Strychnine Plant Alkaloid Muscle_spasms High Activated_Charcoal 50.00
5 P005 Methanol Alcohol Organic Nausea/Blindness Medium Ethanol/Fomepizole 30000.00
6 P006 Mercury Metal Inorganic Tremors/Memory_loss High Chelation_Therapy 500.00
7 P007 Lead Metal Inorganic Anemia/Abdominal_Pain High EDTA 1000.00
8 P008 Belladonna Plant Alkaloid Dry_mouth/Hallucinations Medium Physostigmine 20.00
9 P009 CarbonMonoxide Air Gas Headache/Nausea Medium Oxygen_Therapy 1500.00
10 P010 Chloroform Industrial Halocarbon Dizziness/Unconsciousness Medium None 10000.00
11 P011 Nicotine Plant Alkaloid Vomiting/Seizures High Activated_Charcoal 60.00
12 P012 DDT Pesticide Organochlorine Tremors/Nausea Medium None 2500.00
13 P013 VX_NerveGas Chemical Nerve_Agent Convulsions/Paralysis Very_High Atropine 0.01
14 P014 Sarin Chemical Nerve_Agent Seizures/Resp_failure Very_High Atropine/2-PAM 0.05
15 P015 Amatoxin Mushroom Cyclic_peptide Liver_failure Very_High Silibinin 0.10
16 P016 Methamphetamine Synthetic Stimulant Anxiety/Seizure Medium Sedatives 100.00
17 P017 EthyleneGlycol Antifreeze Alcohol Nausea/Seizure Medium Fomepizole 10000.00
18 P018 Antimony Metal Inorganic Vomiting/Dizziness Medium Chelation 900.00
19 P019 Aconitine Plant Alkaloid Numbness/Arrhythmia High No_known_antidote 5.00
20 P020 Batrachotoxin Animal Neurotoxin Muscle_paralysis Very_High No_antidote 0.00
21 P021 Thallium Metal Inorganic Hair_loss/Neuropathy High Prussian_Blue 15.00
22 P022 Hemlock Plant Alkaloid Respiratory_failure High Activated_Charcoal 100.00
23 P023 Dioxin Industrial Organic Skin_lesions/Liver_damage Medium No_antidote 50.00
24 P024 Formaldehyde Industrial Aldehyde Throat_irritation/Nausea Medium Supportive_Therapy 5000.00
25 P025 SnakeVenom Animal Protein-based Paralysis/Death Very_High Antivenom 0.05
26 P026 BotulinumToxin Bacterial Neurotoxin Muscle_weakness/Paralysis Very_High Antitoxin 0.00


Step 2: PROC PRINT - View Full Dataset

proc print data=poisons_dataset;

  title "Full Poisons Dataset Overview";

run;

Output:

Full Poisons Dataset Overview

Obs Poison_ID Name Source Type Symptoms Toxicity_Level Antidote Fatal_Dose_mg
1 P001 Arsenic Mineral Inorganic Vomiting/Diarrhea High Dimercaprol 70.00
2 P002 Cyanide Industrial Inorganic Seizures/Coma Very_High Hydroxocobalamin 200.00
3 P003 Ricin Plant Protein-based Vomiting/Seizure Very_High No_known_cure 1.00
4 P004 Strychnine Plant Alkaloid Muscle_spasms High Activated_Charcoal 50.00
5 P005 Methanol Alcohol Organic Nausea/Blindness Medium Ethanol/Fomepizole 30000.00
6 P006 Mercury Metal Inorganic Tremors/Memory_loss High Chelation_Therapy 500.00
7 P007 Lead Metal Inorganic Anemia/Abdominal_Pain High EDTA 1000.00
8 P008 Belladonna Plant Alkaloid Dry_mouth/Hallucinations Medium Physostigmine 20.00
9 P009 CarbonMonoxide Air Gas Headache/Nausea Medium Oxygen_Therapy 1500.00
10 P010 Chloroform Industrial Halocarbon Dizziness/Unconsciousness Medium None 10000.00
11 P011 Nicotine Plant Alkaloid Vomiting/Seizures High Activated_Charcoal 60.00
12 P012 DDT Pesticide Organochlorine Tremors/Nausea Medium None 2500.00
13 P013 VX_NerveGas Chemical Nerve_Agent Convulsions/Paralysis Very_High Atropine 0.01
14 P014 Sarin Chemical Nerve_Agent Seizures/Resp_failure Very_High Atropine/2-PAM 0.05
15 P015 Amatoxin Mushroom Cyclic_peptide Liver_failure Very_High Silibinin 0.10
16 P016 Methamphetamine Synthetic Stimulant Anxiety/Seizure Medium Sedatives 100.00
17 P017 EthyleneGlycol Antifreeze Alcohol Nausea/Seizure Medium Fomepizole 10000.00
18 P018 Antimony Metal Inorganic Vomiting/Dizziness Medium Chelation 900.00
19 P019 Aconitine Plant Alkaloid Numbness/Arrhythmia High No_known_antidote 5.00
20 P020 Batrachotoxin Animal Neurotoxin Muscle_paralysis Very_High No_antidote 0.00
21 P021 Thallium Metal Inorganic Hair_loss/Neuropathy High Prussian_Blue 15.00
22 P022 Hemlock Plant Alkaloid Respiratory_failure High Activated_Charcoal 100.00
23 P023 Dioxin Industrial Organic Skin_lesions/Liver_damage Medium No_antidote 50.00
24 P024 Formaldehyde Industrial Aldehyde Throat_irritation/Nausea Medium Supportive_Therapy 5000.00
25 P025 SnakeVenom Animal Protein-based Paralysis/Death Very_High Antivenom 0.05
26 P026 BotulinumToxin Bacterial Neurotoxin Muscle_weakness/Paralysis Very_High Antitoxin 0.00

Step 3: PROC SORT - Sorting by Fatal Dose

proc sort data=poisons_dataset out=sorted_poison;

  by Fatal_Dose_mg;

run;


proc print data=sorted_poison;

  title "Poisons Sorted by Increasing Fatal Dose (mg)";

run;

Output:

Poisons Sorted by Increasing Fatal Dose (mg)

Obs Poison_ID Name Source Type Symptoms Toxicity_Level Antidote Fatal_Dose_mg
1 P026 BotulinumToxin Bacterial Neurotoxin Muscle_weakness/Paralysis Very_High Antitoxin 0.00
2 P020 Batrachotoxin Animal Neurotoxin Muscle_paralysis Very_High No_antidote 0.00
3 P013 VX_NerveGas Chemical Nerve_Agent Convulsions/Paralysis Very_High Atropine 0.01
4 P014 Sarin Chemical Nerve_Agent Seizures/Resp_failure Very_High Atropine/2-PAM 0.05
5 P025 SnakeVenom Animal Protein-based Paralysis/Death Very_High Antivenom 0.05
6 P015 Amatoxin Mushroom Cyclic_peptide Liver_failure Very_High Silibinin 0.10
7 P003 Ricin Plant Protein-based Vomiting/Seizure Very_High No_known_cure 1.00
8 P019 Aconitine Plant Alkaloid Numbness/Arrhythmia High No_known_antidote 5.00
9 P021 Thallium Metal Inorganic Hair_loss/Neuropathy High Prussian_Blue 15.00
10 P008 Belladonna Plant Alkaloid Dry_mouth/Hallucinations Medium Physostigmine 20.00
11 P004 Strychnine Plant Alkaloid Muscle_spasms High Activated_Charcoal 50.00
12 P023 Dioxin Industrial Organic Skin_lesions/Liver_damage Medium No_antidote 50.00
13 P011 Nicotine Plant Alkaloid Vomiting/Seizures High Activated_Charcoal 60.00
14 P001 Arsenic Mineral Inorganic Vomiting/Diarrhea High Dimercaprol 70.00
15 P016 Methamphetamine Synthetic Stimulant Anxiety/Seizure Medium Sedatives 100.00
16 P022 Hemlock Plant Alkaloid Respiratory_failure High Activated_Charcoal 100.00
17 P002 Cyanide Industrial Inorganic Seizures/Coma Very_High Hydroxocobalamin 200.00
18 P006 Mercury Metal Inorganic Tremors/Memory_loss High Chelation_Therapy 500.00
19 P018 Antimony Metal Inorganic Vomiting/Dizziness Medium Chelation 900.00
20 P007 Lead Metal Inorganic Anemia/Abdominal_Pain High EDTA 1000.00
21 P009 CarbonMonoxide Air Gas Headache/Nausea Medium Oxygen_Therapy 1500.00
22 P012 DDT Pesticide Organochlorine Tremors/Nausea Medium None 2500.00
23 P024 Formaldehyde Industrial Aldehyde Throat_irritation/Nausea Medium Supportive_Therapy 5000.00
24 P010 Chloroform Industrial Halocarbon Dizziness/Unconsciousness Medium None 10000.00
25 P017 EthyleneGlycol Antifreeze Alcohol Nausea/Seizure Medium Fomepizole 10000.00
26 P005 Methanol Alcohol Organic Nausea/Blindness Medium Ethanol/Fomepizole 30000.00

Step 4: PROC MEANS - Fatal Dose Statistics

proc means data=poisons_dataset min max mean median;

  var Fatal_Dose_mg;

  title "Summary Statistics of Fatal Dose (mg)";

run;

Output:

Summary Statistics of Fatal Dose (mg)

The MEANS Procedure

Analysis Variable : Fatal_Dose_mg
Minimum Maximum Mean Median
0.000100000 30000.00 2387.35 65.0000000

Step 5: PROC FREQ - Frequency of Poison Types

proc freq data=poisons_dataset;

  tables Type Source Toxicity_Level / nocum nopercent;

  title "Frequency Distribution of Poison Types, Sources, and Toxicity";

run;

Output:

Frequency Distribution of Poison Types, Sources, and Toxicity

The FREQ Procedure

Type Frequency
Alcohol 1
Aldehyde 1
Alkaloid 5
Cyclic_peptide 1
Gas 1
Halocarbon 1
Inorganic 6
Nerve_Agent 2
Neurotoxin 2
Organic 2
Organochlorine 1
Protein-based 2
Stimulant 1

Source Frequency
Air 1
Alcohol 1
Animal 2
Antifreeze 1
Bacterial 1
Chemical 2
Industrial 4
Metal 4
Mineral 1
Mushroom 1
Pesticide 1
Plant 6
Synthetic 1

Toxicity_Level Frequency
High 8
Medium 10
Very_High 8

Step 6: PROC SQL - Key Insights Using Queries

a)Poisons with Fatal Dose < 10 mg

proc sql;

  select Name, Fatal_Dose_mg, Toxicity_Level

  from poisons_dataset

  where Fatal_Dose_mg < 10;

quit;

Output:

Name Fatal_Dose_mg Toxicity_Level
Ricin 1 Very_High
VX_NerveGas 0.01 Very_High
Sarin 0.05 Very_High
Amatoxin 0.1 Very_High
Aconitine 5 High
Batrachotoxin 0.002 Very_High
SnakeVenom 0.05 Very_High
BotulinumToxin 0.0001 Very_High

b)Count of Each Type

proc sql;

  select Type, count(*) as Count

  from poisons_dataset

  group by Type;

quit;

Output:

Type Count
Alcohol 1
Aldehyde 1
Alkaloid 5
Cyclic_peptide 1
Gas 1
Halocarbon 1
Inorganic 6
Nerve_Agent 2
Neurotoxin 2
Organic 2
Organochlorine 1
Protein-based 2
Stimulant 1

c)Top 5 Most Toxic Poisons

proc sql outobs=5;

  select Name, Fatal_Dose_mg, Toxicity_Level

  from poisons_dataset

  order by Fatal_Dose_mg;

quit;

Output:

Name Fatal_Dose_mg Toxicity_Level
BotulinumToxin 0.0001 Very_High
Batrachotoxin 0.002 Very_High
VX_NerveGas 0.01 Very_High
SnakeVenom 0.05 Very_High
Sarin 0.05 Very_High

Step 7: MACRO for Filtering Poisons by Source

%macro filter_by_source(source_type);

  proc sql;

    title "Poisons from Source: &source_type";

    select Poison_ID, Name, Type, Fatal_Dose_mg

    from poisons_dataset

    where Source = "&source_type";

  quit;

%mend filter_by_source;


%filter_by_source(Plant);

Output:

Poisons from Source: Plant

Poison_ID Name Type Fatal_Dose_mg
P003 Ricin Protein-based 1
P004 Strychnine Alkaloid 50
P008 Belladonna Alkaloid 20
P011 Nicotine Alkaloid 60
P019 Aconitine Alkaloid 5
P022 Hemlock Alkaloid 100

%filter_by_source(Metal);

Output:

Poisons from Source: Metal

Poison_ID Name Type Fatal_Dose_mg
P006 Mercury Inorganic 500
P007 Lead Inorganic 1000
P018 Antimony Inorganic 900
P021 Thallium Inorganic 15

%filter_by_source(Industrial);

Output:

Poisons from Source: Industrial

Poison_ID Name Type Fatal_Dose_mg
P002 Cyanide Inorganic 200
P010 Chloroform Halocarbon 10000
P023 Dioxin Organic 50
P024 Formaldehyde Aldehyde 5000

Step 8: MACRO for Toxicity Summary

%macro toxicity_summary(tox_level);

  proc sql;

    title "Poisons with Toxicity Level: &tox_level";

    select Name, Type, Source, Fatal_Dose_mg

    from poisons_dataset

    where Toxicity_Level = "&tox_level";

  quit;

%mend toxicity_summary;


%toxicity_summary(High);

Output:

Poisons with Toxicity Level: High

Name Type Source Fatal_Dose_mg
Arsenic Inorganic Mineral 70
Strychnine Alkaloid Plant 50
Mercury Inorganic Metal 500
Lead Inorganic Metal 1000
Nicotine Alkaloid Plant 60
Aconitine Alkaloid Plant 5
Thallium Inorganic Metal 15
Hemlock Alkaloid Plant 100

%toxicity_summary(Very_High);

Output:

Poisons with Toxicity Level: Very_High

Name Type Source Fatal_Dose_mg
Cyanide Inorganic Industrial 200
Ricin Protein-based Plant 1
VX_NerveGas Nerve_Agent Chemical 0.01
Sarin Nerve_Agent Chemical 0.05
Amatoxin Cyclic_peptide Mushroom 0.1
Batrachotoxin Neurotoxin Animal 0.002
SnakeVenom Protein-based Animal 0.05
BotulinumToxin Neurotoxin Bacterial 0.0001

Step 9: Special Queries for Research Insights

a)Poisons with No Antidote

proc sql;

  select Name, Source, Type, Toxicity_Level

  from poisons_dataset

  where Antidote contains 'No';

quit;

Output:

Name Source Type Toxicity_Level
Ricin Plant Protein-based Very_High
Chloroform Industrial Halocarbon Medium
DDT Pesticide Organochlorine Medium
Aconitine Plant Alkaloid High
Batrachotoxin Animal Neurotoxin Very_High
Dioxin Industrial Organic Medium

b)Top 3 Deadliest Poisons from Plants

proc sql outobs=3;

  select Name, Fatal_Dose_mg

  from poisons_dataset

  where Source='Plant'

  order by Fatal_Dose_mg;

quit;

Output:

Name Fatal_Dose_mg
Ricin 1
Aconitine 5
Belladonna 20

Step 10: Exporting to External CSV

proc export data=poisons_dataset

  outfile="poisons_analysis.csv"

  dbms=csv

  replace;

run;

Log:

NOTE: The file 'poisons_analysis.csv' is:

      Filename=C:\sas folder\SASFoundation\9.4\poisons_analysis.csv,

      RECFM=V,LRECL=32767,File Size (bytes)=0,

      Last Modified=17 July 2025 19:20:47,

      Create Time=17 July 2025 19:20:47


NOTE: 27 records were written to the file 'poisons_analysis.csv'.

      The minimum record length was 62.

      The maximum record length was 93.

NOTE: There were 26 observations read from the data set WORK.POISONS_DATASET.

NOTE: DATA statement used (Total process time):

      real time           0.18 seconds

      cpu time            0.06 seconds


26 records created in poisons_analysis.csv from POISONS_DATASET.


NOTE: "poisons_analysis.csv" file was successfully created.

NOTE: PROCEDURE EXPORT used (Total process time):

      real time           2.26 seconds

      cpu time            0.28 seconds



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