261. BIRDS OF INDIA DATA CREATION | PROC FORMAT | PROC CONTENTS | PROC FREQ | PROC MEANS | PROC SQL | PROC TABULATE | PROC REPORT | PROC TRANSPOSE | PROC RANK | PROC SGPLOT | MACROS IN SAS

BIRDS OF INDIA DATA CREATION | PROC FORMAT | PROC CONTENTS | PROC FREQ | PROC MEANS | PROC SQL | PROC TABULATE | PROC REPORT | PROC TRANSPOSE | PROC RANK | PROC SGPLOT | MACROS IN SAS

/* Creating The Dataset Of Birds of India */

options nodate nonumber formchar="|----|+|---+=|-/\<>*" mprint mlogic symbolgen;

ods listing close; 

1) MASTER DATA CREATION 

options nocenter;

data birds_india;

    length Bird_ID 8 Common_Name $40 Scientific_Name $50 Family $30

           Habitat $20 Region $15 Migratory_Status $10 IUCN_Status $3

           Diet $20 Seasonality $12 State_Symbol $25

           Protected_Area $1 Endemic $1 Nocturnal $1

           Notes $80;

    infile datalines dsd truncover;

    input Bird_ID Common_Name :$40. Scientific_Name :$50. Family :$30.

          Habitat :$20. Region :$15. Migratory_Status :$10. IUCN_Status :$3.

          Avg_Wingspan_cm Avg_Weight_g Diet :$20. Sightings_2023 Sightings_2024

          Protected_Area :$1. Endemic :$1. State_Symbol :$25. Seasonality :$12. Nocturnal :$1. Notes :$80.;

datalines;

1,Indian Peafowl,Pavo cristatus,Phasianidae,Grassland,All_India,Resident,LC,150,4000,Omnivore,520,580,Y,N,National_Bird,All_Year,N,Common around farms and sanctuaries

2,House Sparrow,Passer domesticus,Passeridae,Urban,All_India,Resident,LC,24,30,Granivore,720,690,Y,N,Delhi,All_Year,N,Declines in some metros

3,Rose-ringed Parakeet,Psittacula krameri,Psittaculidae,Urban,North,Resident,LC,42,120,Frugivore,480,510,N,N,,All_Year,N,Noisy flocks near parks

4,Black Kite,Milvus migrans,Accipitridae,Urban,All_India,Resident,LC,150,800,Carnivore,330,355,N,N,,All_Year,N,Often circling over cities

5,Common Myna,Acridotheres tristis,Sturnidae,Urban,All_India,Resident,LC,40,115,Omnivore,610,640,N,N,,All_Year,N,Highly adaptable

6,Oriental Magpie-Robin,Copsychus saularis,Muscicapidae,Urban,All_India,Resident,LC,32,35,Insectivore,410,450,N,N,,All_Year,N,Melodious song

7,Red-vented Bulbul,Pycnonotus cafer,Pycnonotidae,Urban,All_India,Resident,LC,28,40,Frugivore,560,600,N,N,,All_Year,N,Common garden bird

8,Greater Flamingo,Phoenicopterus roseus,Phoenicopteridae,Wetland,West,Migrant,LC,160,3000,Filter_feeder,210,320,Y,N,Gujarat,Winter,N,Kutch and Mumbai coasts

9,Sarus Crane,Antigone antigone,Gruidae,Wetland,North,Resident,VU,240,6500,Omnivore,60,78,Y,N,Uttar_Pradesh,Monsoon,N,Tallest flying bird

10,Painted Stork,Mycteria leucocephala,Ciconiidae,Wetland,All_India,Resident,NT,150,3500,Carnivore,140,165,Y,N,,Monsoon,N,Breeds in heronries

11,Asian Koel,Eudynamys scolopaceus,Cuculidae,Urban,All_India,Resident,LC,46,200,Frugivore,370,410,N,N,,Summer,N,Famous for 'ko-el' call

12,Barn Owl,Tyto alba,Tytonidae,Farmland,All_India,Resident,LC,95,450,Carnivore,90,105,N,N,,All_Year,Y,Nocturnal rodent hunter

13,Spotted Owlet,Athene brama,Strigidae,Urban,All_India,Resident,LC,60,120,Carnivore,130,150,N,N,,All_Year,Y,Roosts in cavities

14,Malabar Pied Hornbill,Anthracoceros coronatus,Bucerotidae,Forest,West,Resident,NT,120,1100,Frugivore,30,36,Y,N,,Monsoon,N,Western Ghats specialty

15,Indian Roller,Coracias benghalensis,Coraciidae,Farmland,Central,Resident,LC,75,160,Carnivore,260,300,N,N,Telangana,All_Year,N,State bird in many states

16,White-throated Kingfisher,Halcyon smyrnensis,Alcedinidae,Wetland,All_India,Resident,LC,75,90,Carnivore,420,470,N,N,,Monsoon,N,Common near ponds

17,Purple Sunbird,Cinnyris asiaticus,Nectariniidae,Urban,All_India,Resident,LC,18,10,Nectarivore,380,420,N,N,,Summer,N,Visits flowers and feeders

18,Indian Pitta,Pitta brachyura,Pittidae,Forest,South,Resident,LC,26,75,Insectivore,55,68,N,N,,Monsoon,N,Colorful '9-color' bird

19,Laughing Dove,Spilopelia senegalensis,Columbidae,Urban,All_India,Resident,LC,45,120,Granivore,330,370,N,N,,Winter,N,Gentle cooing call

20,Eurasian Collared-Dove,Streptopelia decaocto,Columbidae,Farmland,North,Resident,LC,50,190,Granivore,180,220,N,N,,Winter,N,Expanding range

;

run;

proc print;run;

Output:

Obs	Bird_ID	Common_Name	Scientific_Name	Family	Habitat	Region	Migratory_Status	IUCN_Status	Diet	Seasonality	State_Symbol	Protected_Area	Endemic	Nocturnal	Notes	Avg_Wingspan_cm	Avg_Weight_g	Sightings_2023	Sightings_2024
1	1	Indian Peafowl	Pavo cristatus	Phasianidae	Grassland	All_India	Resident	LC	Omnivore	All_Year	National_Bird	Y	N	N	Common around farms and sanctuaries	150	4000	520	580
2	2	House Sparrow	Passer domesticus	Passeridae	Urban	All_India	Resident	LC	Granivore	All_Year	Delhi	Y	N	N	Declines in some metros	24	30	720	690
3	3	Rose-ringed Parakeet	Psittacula krameri	Psittaculidae	Urban	North	Resident	LC	Frugivore	All_Year		N	N	N	Noisy flocks near parks	42	120	480	510
4	4	Black Kite	Milvus migrans	Accipitridae	Urban	All_India	Resident	LC	Carnivore	All_Year		N	N	N	Often circling over cities	150	800	330	355
5	5	Common Myna	Acridotheres tristis	Sturnidae	Urban	All_India	Resident	LC	Omnivore	All_Year		N	N	N	Highly adaptable	40	115	610	640
6	6	Oriental Magpie-Robin	Copsychus saularis	Muscicapidae	Urban	All_India	Resident	LC	Insectivore	All_Year		N	N	N	Melodious song	32	35	410	450
7	7	Red-vented Bulbul	Pycnonotus cafer	Pycnonotidae	Urban	All_India	Resident	LC	Frugivore	All_Year		N	N	N	Common garden bird	28	40	560	600
8	8	Greater Flamingo	Phoenicopterus roseus	Phoenicopteridae	Wetland	West	Migrant	LC	Filter_feeder	Winter	Gujarat	Y	N	N	Kutch and Mumbai coasts	160	3000	210	320
9	9	Sarus Crane	Antigone antigone	Gruidae	Wetland	North	Resident	VU	Omnivore	Monsoon	Uttar_Pradesh	Y	N	N	Tallest flying bird	240	6500	60	78
10	10	Painted Stork	Mycteria leucocephala	Ciconiidae	Wetland	All_India	Resident	NT	Carnivore	Monsoon		Y	N	N	Breeds in heronries	150	3500	140	165
11	11	Asian Koel	Eudynamys scolopaceus	Cuculidae	Urban	All_India	Resident	LC	Frugivore	Summer		N	N	N	Famous for 'ko-el' call	46	200	370	410
12	12	Barn Owl	Tyto alba	Tytonidae	Farmland	All_India	Resident	LC	Carnivore	All_Year		N	N	Y	Nocturnal rodent hunter	95	450	90	105
13	13	Spotted Owlet	Athene brama	Strigidae	Urban	All_India	Resident	LC	Carnivore	All_Year		N	N	Y	Roosts in cavities	60	120	130	150
14	14	Malabar Pied Hornbill	Anthracoceros coronatus	Bucerotidae	Forest	West	Resident	NT	Frugivore	Monsoon		Y	N	N	Western Ghats specialty	120	1100	30	36
15	15	Indian Roller	Coracias benghalensis	Coraciidae	Farmland	Central	Resident	LC	Carnivore	All_Year	Telangana	N	N	N	State bird in many states	75	160	260	300
16	16	White-throated Kingfisher	Halcyon smyrnensis	Alcedinidae	Wetland	All_India	Resident	LC	Carnivore	Monsoon		N	N	N	Common near ponds	75	90	420	470
17	17	Purple Sunbird	Cinnyris asiaticus	Nectariniidae	Urban	All_India	Resident	LC	Nectarivore	Summer		N	N	N	Visits flowers and feeders	18	10	380	420
18	18	Indian Pitta	Pitta brachyura	Pittidae	Forest	South	Resident	LC	Insectivore	Monsoon		N	N	N	Colorful '9-color' bird	26	75	55	68
19	19	Laughing Dove	Spilopelia senegalensis	Columbidae	Urban	All_India	Resident	LC	Granivore	Winter		N	N	N	Gentle cooing call	45	120	330	370
20	20	Eurasian Collared-Dove	Streptopelia decaocto	Columbidae	Farmland	North	Resident	LC	Granivore	Winter		N	N	N	Expanding range	50	190	180	220

2) FORMATS FOR CLEAN OUTPUT

proc format;

  value $iucn

    'LC'='Least Concern'

    'NT'='Near Threatened'

    'VU'='Vulnerable'

    'EN'='Endangered'

    'CR'='Critically Endangered';

  value $mig

    'Resident'='Resident'

    'Migrant' ='Winter/Summer Migrant';

  value $hab

    'Urban'    ='Urban & Suburban'

    'Wetland'  ='Wetlands/Coasts'

    'Forest'   ='Forest/Woodland'

    'Farmland' ='Farmland/Scrub'

    'Grassland'='Grassland/Savanna'

    'Coastal'  ='Coastal/Estuarine'

    'Cliffs'   ='Cliffs/Rocky';

  value $yn 'Y'='Yes' 'N'='No';

run;

3) QUICK STRUCTURE & SAMPLE

title1 "BIRDS OF INDIA | PROC CONTENTS";

proc contents data=birds_india order=varnum;

run;

Output:

BIRDS OF INDIA | PROC CONTENTS

The CONTENTS Procedure

Data Set Name	WORK.BIRDS_INDIA	Observations	20
Member Type	DATA	Variables	19
Engine	V9	Indexes	0
Created	08/14/2025 18:40:47	Observation Length	352
Last Modified	08/14/2025 18:40:47	Deleted Observations	0
Protection		Compressed	NO
Data Set Type		Sorted	NO
Label
Data Representation	SOLARIS_X86_64, LINUX_X86_64, ALPHA_TRU64, LINUX_IA64
Encoding	utf-8 Unicode (UTF-8)

Engine/Host Dependent Information
Data Set Page Size	131072
Number of Data Set Pages	1
First Data Page	1
Max Obs per Page	372
Obs in First Data Page	20
Number of Data Set Repairs	0
Filename	/saswork/SAS_work497300005C2B_odaws02-apse1-2.oda.sas.com/SAS_work722200005C2B_odaws02-apse1-2.oda.sas.com/birds_india.sas7bdat
Release Created	9.0401M8
Host Created	Linux
Inode Number	202278572
Access Permission	rw-r--r--
Owner Name	u63247146
File Size	256KB
File Size (bytes)	262144

Variables in Creation Order
#	Variable	Type	Len
1	Bird_ID	Num	8
2	Common_Name	Char	40
3	Scientific_Name	Char	50
4	Family	Char	30
5	Habitat	Char	20
6	Region	Char	15
7	Migratory_Status	Char	10
8	IUCN_Status	Char	3
9	Diet	Char	20
10	Seasonality	Char	12
11	State_Symbol	Char	25
12	Protected_Area	Char	1
13	Endemic	Char	1
14	Nocturnal	Char	1
15	Notes	Char	80
16	Avg_Wingspan_cm	Num	8
17	Avg_Weight_g	Num	8
18	Sightings_2023	Num	8
19	Sightings_2024	Num	8

title1 "BIRDS OF INDIA | PROC PRINT (FIRST 10)";

proc print data=birds_india(obs=10) label;

  format IUCN_Status $iucn. Migratory_Status $mig. Habitat $hab. 

         Protected_Area Endemic Nocturnal $yn.;

run;

Output:

BIRDS OF INDIA | PROC PRINT (FIRST 10)

Obs	Bird_ID	Common_Name	Scientific_Name	Family	Habitat	Region	Migratory_Status	IUCN_Status	Diet	Seasonality	State_Symbol	Protected_Area	Endemic	Nocturnal	Notes	Avg_Wingspan_cm	Avg_Weight_g	Sightings_2023	Sightings_2024
1	1	Indian Peafowl	Pavo cristatus	Phasianidae	Grassland/Savanna	All_India	Resident	Least Concern	Omnivore	All_Year	National_Bird	Yes	No	No	Common around farms and sanctuaries	150	4000	520	580
2	2	House Sparrow	Passer domesticus	Passeridae	Urban & Suburban	All_India	Resident	Least Concern	Granivore	All_Year	Delhi	Yes	No	No	Declines in some metros	24	30	720	690
3	3	Rose-ringed Parakeet	Psittacula krameri	Psittaculidae	Urban & Suburban	North	Resident	Least Concern	Frugivore	All_Year		No	No	No	Noisy flocks near parks	42	120	480	510
4	4	Black Kite	Milvus migrans	Accipitridae	Urban & Suburban	All_India	Resident	Least Concern	Carnivore	All_Year		No	No	No	Often circling over cities	150	800	330	355
5	5	Common Myna	Acridotheres tristis	Sturnidae	Urban & Suburban	All_India	Resident	Least Concern	Omnivore	All_Year		No	No	No	Highly adaptable	40	115	610	640
6	6	Oriental Magpie-Robin	Copsychus saularis	Muscicapidae	Urban & Suburban	All_India	Resident	Least Concern	Insectivore	All_Year		No	No	No	Melodious song	32	35	410	450
7	7	Red-vented Bulbul	Pycnonotus cafer	Pycnonotidae	Urban & Suburban	All_India	Resident	Least Concern	Frugivore	All_Year		No	No	No	Common garden bird	28	40	560	600
8	8	Greater Flamingo	Phoenicopterus roseus	Phoenicopteridae	Wetlands/Coasts	West	Winter/Summer Migrant	Least Concern	Filter_feeder	Winter	Gujarat	Yes	No	No	Kutch and Mumbai coasts	160	3000	210	320
9	9	Sarus Crane	Antigone antigone	Gruidae	Wetlands/Coasts	North	Resident	Vulnerable	Omnivore	Monsoon	Uttar_Pradesh	Yes	No	No	Tallest flying bird	240	6500	60	78
10	10	Painted Stork	Mycteria leucocephala	Ciconiidae	Wetlands/Coasts	All_India	Resident	Near Threatened	Carnivore	Monsoon		Yes	No	No	Breeds in heronries	150	3500	140	165

4) DESCRIPTIVE STATS

title1 "BIRDS OF INDIA | PROC FREQ";

proc freq data=birds_india;

  tables Habitat*Region IUCN_Status Migratory_Status / nocum nopercent;

  format IUCN_Status $iucn. Habitat $hab.;

run;

Output:

BIRDS OF INDIA | PROC FREQ

The FREQ Procedure

Frequency Row Pct Col Pct

Table of Habitat by Region Habitat Region All_India Central North South West Total Farmland/Scrub 1 33.33 7.69 1 33.33 100.00 1 33.33 33.33 0 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 3     Forest/Woodland 0 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 1 50.00 100.00 1 50.00 50.00 2     Grassland/Savanna 1 100.00 7.69 0 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 1     Urban & Suburban 9 90.00 69.23 0 0.00 0.00 1 10.00 33.33 0 0.00 0.00 0 0.00 0.00 10     Wetlands/Coasts 2 50.00 15.38 0 0.00 0.00 1 25.00 33.33 0 0.00 0.00 1 25.00 50.00 4     Total 13 1 3 1 2 20

IUCN_Status	Frequency
Least Concern	17
Near Threatened	2
Vulnerable	1

Migratory_Status	Frequency
Migrant	1
Resident	19

title1 "BIRDS OF INDIA | PROC MEANS";

proc means data=birds_india n min p25 median p75 max mean std maxdec=1;

  class Region;

  var Avg_Wingspan_cm Avg_Weight_g Sightings_2023 Sightings_2024 ;

run;

Output:

BIRDS OF INDIA | PROC MEANS

The MEANS Procedure

Region	N Obs	Variable	N	Minimum	25th Pctl	Median	75th Pctl	Maximum	Mean	Std Dev
All_India	13	Avg_Wingspan_cm Avg_Weight_g Sightings_2023 Sightings_2024	13 13 13 13	18.0 10.0 90.0 105.0	32.0 40.0 330.0 355.0	46.0 120.0 380.0 420.0	95.0 450.0 520.0 580.0	150.0 4000.0 720.0 690.0	70.2 731.5 385.4 415.8	50.1 1361.1 189.7 188.5
Central	1	Avg_Wingspan_cm Avg_Weight_g Sightings_2023 Sightings_2024	1 1 1 1	75.0 160.0 260.0 300.0	75.0 160.0 260.0 300.0	75.0 160.0 260.0 300.0	75.0 160.0 260.0 300.0	75.0 160.0 260.0 300.0	75.0 160.0 260.0 300.0	. . . .
North	3	Avg_Wingspan_cm Avg_Weight_g Sightings_2023 Sightings_2024	3 3 3 3	42.0 120.0 60.0 78.0	42.0 120.0 60.0 78.0	50.0 190.0 180.0 220.0	240.0 6500.0 480.0 510.0	240.0 6500.0 480.0 510.0	110.7 2270.0 240.0 269.3	112.1 3663.5 216.3 220.2
South	1	Avg_Wingspan_cm Avg_Weight_g Sightings_2023 Sightings_2024	1 1 1 1	26.0 75.0 55.0 68.0	26.0 75.0 55.0 68.0	26.0 75.0 55.0 68.0	26.0 75.0 55.0 68.0	26.0 75.0 55.0 68.0	26.0 75.0 55.0 68.0	. . . .
West	2	Avg_Wingspan_cm Avg_Weight_g Sightings_2023 Sightings_2024	2 2 2 2	120.0 1100.0 30.0 36.0	120.0 1100.0 30.0 36.0	140.0 2050.0 120.0 178.0	160.0 3000.0 210.0 320.0	160.0 3000.0 210.0 320.0	140.0 2050.0 120.0 178.0	28.3 1343.5 127.3 200.8

5) SQL SUMMARIES & VIEWS

title1 "BIRDS OF INDIA | PROC SQL";

proc sql;

  create view vw_habitat_summary as

  select Habitat,

         count(*) as n_species,

         sum(Sightings_2024) as total_2024,

         calculated total_2024*1.0/count(*) as avg_2024

  from birds_india

  group by Habitat;

  create table top_growth as

  select Bird_ID, Common_Name, Region, Habitat, IUCN_Status, Sightings_2023, Sightings_2024

  from birds_india

  where Sightings_2023>=20;

  create table status_by_region as

  select Region, IUCN_Status, count(*) as n

  from birds_india

  group by Region, IUCN_Status;

quit;

title2 "Habitat Summary View — Preview";

proc print data=vw_habitat_summary(obs=10) label; format ; run;

Output:

Habitat Summary View — Preview

Obs	Habitat	n_species	total_2024	avg_2024
1	Farmland	3	625	208.333
2	Forest	2	104	52.000
3	Grassland	1	580	580.000
4	Urban	10	4595	459.500
5	Wetland	4	1033	258.250

title2 "Top Growth (where 2023 sightings >=20)";

proc print data=top_growth label; format IUCN_Status $iucn.; run;

Output:

Top Growth (where 2023 sightings >=20)

Obs	Bird_ID	Common_Name	Region	Habitat	IUCN_Status	Sightings_2023	Sightings_2024
1	1	Indian Peafowl	All_India	Grassland	Least Concern	520	580
2	2	House Sparrow	All_India	Urban	Least Concern	720	690
3	3	Rose-ringed Parakeet	North	Urban	Least Concern	480	510
4	4	Black Kite	All_India	Urban	Least Concern	330	355
5	5	Common Myna	All_India	Urban	Least Concern	610	640
6	6	Oriental Magpie-Robin	All_India	Urban	Least Concern	410	450
7	7	Red-vented Bulbul	All_India	Urban	Least Concern	560	600
8	8	Greater Flamingo	West	Wetland	Least Concern	210	320
9	9	Sarus Crane	North	Wetland	Vulnerable	60	78
10	10	Painted Stork	All_India	Wetland	Near Threatened	140	165
11	11	Asian Koel	All_India	Urban	Least Concern	370	410
12	12	Barn Owl	All_India	Farmland	Least Concern	90	105
13	13	Spotted Owlet	All_India	Urban	Least Concern	130	150
14	14	Malabar Pied Hornbill	West	Forest	Near Threatened	30	36
15	15	Indian Roller	Central	Farmland	Least Concern	260	300
16	16	White-throated Kingfisher	All_India	Wetland	Least Concern	420	470
17	17	Purple Sunbird	All_India	Urban	Least Concern	380	420
18	18	Indian Pitta	South	Forest	Least Concern	55	68
19	19	Laughing Dove	All_India	Urban	Least Concern	330	370
20	20	Eurasian Collared-Dove	North	Farmland	Least Concern	180	220

proc print data=status_by_region label; format IUCN_Status $iucn.; run;

Output:

Obs	Region	IUCN_Status	n
1	All_India	Least Concern	12
2	All_India	Near Threatened	1
3	Central	Least Concern	1
4	North	Least Concern	2
5	North	Vulnerable	1
6	South	Least Concern	1
7	West	Least Concern	1
8	West	Near Threatened	1

6) TABULATE & REPORT

title1 "BIRDS OF INDIA | PROC TABULATE";

proc tabulate data=birds_india format=8.;

  class Habitat Region;

  var Sightings_2024;

  table (Habitat all='Total')*(n='Species Count' mean='Mean 2024 Sightings'),

        (Region all='All Regions')*Sightings_2024;

  format Habitat $hab.;

run;

Output:

BIRDS OF INDIA | PROC TABULATE

		Region					All Regions
		All_India	Central	North	South	West
		Sightings_2024	Sightings_2024	Sightings_2024	Sightings_2024	Sightings_2024	Sightings_2024
Habitat		1	1	1	.	.	3
Farmland/Scrub	Species Count
	Mean 2024 Sightings	105	300	220	.	.	208
Forest/Woodland	Species Count	.	.	.	1	1	2
	Mean 2024 Sightings	.	.	.	68	36	52
Grassland/Savanna	Species Count	1	.	.	.	.	1
	Mean 2024 Sightings	580	.	.	.	.	580
Urban & Suburban	Species Count	9	.	1	.	.	10
	Mean 2024 Sightings	454	.	510	.	.	460
Wetlands/Coasts	Species Count	2	.	1	.	1	4
	Mean 2024 Sightings	318	.	78	.	320	258
Total	Species Count	13	1	3	1	2	20
	Mean 2024 Sightings	416	300	269	68	178	347

title1 "BIRDS OF INDIA | PROC REPORT";

proc report data=birds_india nowd;

  column Region Habitat Common_Name IUCN_Status Sightings_2024 Growth_Pct;

  define Region / group;

  define Habitat / group format=$hab.;

  define Common_Name / display;

  define IUCN_Status / display format=$iucn.;

  define Sightings_2024 / analysis sum '2024 Sightings';

  define Growth_Pct / analysis mean format=6.1 'Avg Growth %';

  rbreak after / summarize dol skip;

run;

Output:

BIRDS OF INDIA | PROC REPORT

Region	Habitat	Common_Name	IUCN_Status	2024 Sightings
All_India	Farmland/Scrub	Barn Owl	Least Concern	105
	Grassland/Savanna	Indian Peafowl	Least Concern	580
	Urban & Suburban	House Sparrow	Least Concern	690
		Black Kite	Least Concern	355
		Common Myna	Least Concern	640
		Oriental Magpie-Robin	Least Concern	450
		Red-vented Bulbul	Least Concern	600
		Asian Koel	Least Concern	410
		Spotted Owlet	Least Concern	150
		Purple Sunbird	Least Concern	420
		Laughing Dove	Least Concern	370
	Wetlands/Coasts	Painted Stork	Near Threatened	165
		White-throated Kingfisher	Least Concern	470
Central	Farmland/Scrub	Indian Roller	Least Concern	300
North	Farmland/Scrub	Eurasian Collared-Dove	Least Concern	220
	Urban & Suburban	Rose-ringed Parakeet	Least Concern	510
	Wetlands/Coasts	Sarus Crane	Vulnerable	78
South	Forest/Woodland	Indian Pitta	Least Concern	68
West	Forest/Woodland	Malabar Pied Hornbill	Near Threatened	36
	Wetlands/Coasts	Greater Flamingo	Least Concern	320
				6937

7)PROC TRANSPOSE 

title1 "BIRDS OF INDIA | PROC TRANSPOSE (Pivot 2024 by Migratory Status)";

proc sort data=birds_india out=birds_sorted; by Region Migratory_Status; run;

proc means noprint data=birds_sorted;

  by Region Migratory_Status;

  var Sightings_2024;

  output out=agg_2024 sum=Total_2024;

run;

proc print data=agg_2024;run;

Output:

BIRDS OF INDIA | PROC TRANSPOSE (Pivot 2024 by Migratory Status)

Obs	Region	Migratory_Status	_TYPE_	_FREQ_	Total_2024
1	All_India	Resident	0	13	5405
2	Central	Resident	0	1	300
3	North	Resident	0	3	808
4	South	Resident	0	1	68
5	West	Migrant	0	1	320
6	West	Resident	0	1	36

proc transpose data=agg_2024 out=pivot_2024(drop=_name_) prefix=MS_;

  by Region;

  id Migratory_Status;

  var Total_2024;

run;

proc print data=pivot_2024 label; label MS_Migrant="Migrant_2024" MS_Resident="Resident_2024"; run;

Output:

Obs	Region	Resident_2024	Migrant_2024
1	All_India	5405	.
2	Central	300	.
3	North	808	.
4	South	68	.
5	West	36	320

8) RANKING EXERCISE

title1 "BIRDS OF INDIA | PROC RANK (By Growth %)";

proc rank data=birds_india out=ranked_growth ties=low descending;

  var Sightings_2024;

  ranks Rank_Growth;

run;

proc sort data=ranked_growth; by Rank_Growth; run;

proc print data=ranked_growth(obs=15);

  var Rank_Growth Common_Name Region Habitat IUCN_Status Sightings_2023 Sightings_2024 ;

  format IUCN_Status $iucn. Habitat $hab.;

run;

Output:

BIRDS OF INDIA | PROC RANK (By Growth %)

Obs	Rank_Growth	Common_Name	Region	Habitat	IUCN_Status	Sightings_2023	Sightings_2024
1	1	House Sparrow	All_India	Urban & Suburban	Least Concern	720	690
2	2	Common Myna	All_India	Urban & Suburban	Least Concern	610	640
3	3	Red-vented Bulbul	All_India	Urban & Suburban	Least Concern	560	600
4	4	Indian Peafowl	All_India	Grassland/Savanna	Least Concern	520	580
5	5	Rose-ringed Parakeet	North	Urban & Suburban	Least Concern	480	510
6	6	White-throated Kingfisher	All_India	Wetlands/Coasts	Least Concern	420	470
7	7	Oriental Magpie-Robin	All_India	Urban & Suburban	Least Concern	410	450
8	8	Purple Sunbird	All_India	Urban & Suburban	Least Concern	380	420
9	9	Asian Koel	All_India	Urban & Suburban	Least Concern	370	410
10	10	Laughing Dove	All_India	Urban & Suburban	Least Concern	330	370
11	11	Black Kite	All_India	Urban & Suburban	Least Concern	330	355
12	12	Greater Flamingo	West	Wetlands/Coasts	Least Concern	210	320
13	13	Indian Roller	Central	Farmland/Scrub	Least Concern	260	300
14	14	Eurasian Collared-Dove	North	Farmland/Scrub	Least Concern	180	220
15	15	Painted Stork	All_India	Wetlands/Coasts	Near Threatened	140	165

9) BASIC GRAPHICS

ods graphics on;

title1 "BIRDS OF INDIA | PROC SGPLOT (Top 10 by Growth %)";

proc sort data=top_growth out=top10; by descending Growth_Pct; run;

data top10; set top10(obs=10); length label $60; label=cats(Common_Name,' (',Region,')'); run;

proc sgplot data=top10;

  vbar label / response=Growth_Pct datalabel;

  yaxis label="Growth % (2024 vs 2023)";

  xaxis discreteorder=data label="Species (Region)";

run;

Output:

title1 "BIRDS OF INDIA | PROC SGPLOT (Species per Habitat)";

proc sql;

  create table habitat_counts as

  select Habitat, count(*) as n_species

  from birds_india

  group by Habitat;

quit;

proc sgplot data=habitat_counts;

  vbar Habitat / response=n_species datalabel;

  xaxis label="Habitat"; yaxis label="Number of Species";

  format Habitat $hab.;

run;

Output:

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