Is higher income really leading to better savings, or just higher spending?A Complete Sas Study

/*Creating a dataset of money in India */

1) DATA CREATION

options nocenter;

data money_in_india;

length HouseholdID $8 State $20 City $25 Urban_Rural $6 Income_Source $15 Bank_Type $15 Predominant_Expense $20;

format Monthly_Income Monthly_Savings Cash_Share Digital_Share Remittance_Amount Financial_Literacy 8.2;

infile datalines dlm=',' dsd truncover;

input HouseholdID :$8. State :$20. City :$25. Urban_Rural :$6. Income_Source :$15. Bank_Type :$15. Predominant_Expense :$20.

Monthly_Income Monthly_Savings Cash_Share Digital_Share Remittance_Amount Financial_Literacy;

if Monthly_Income > 0 then Savings_Rate = Monthly_Savings / Monthly_Income;

else Savings_Rate = .;

length Income_Tier $15;

if Monthly_Income >= 100000 then Income_Tier = 'High';

else if Monthly_Income >= 30000 then Income_Tier = 'Upper-Mid';

else if Monthly_Income >= 15000 then Income_Tier = 'Mid';

else Income_Tier = 'Low';

datalines;

HH001,Maharashtra,Mumbai,Urban,Salaried,Private Bank,Rent & Bills,85000,15000,20,80,0,7.8

HH002,Delhi,New Delhi,Urban,Salaried,Public Bank,Food,45000,5000,30,70,0,6.4

HH003,Karnataka,Bengaluru,Urban,Self-Employed,Private Bank,Education,60000,8000,25,75,5000,7.0

HH004,Kerala,Thiruvananthapuram,Urban,Pensioner,Public Bank,Healthcare,22000,4000,50,50,10000,6.2

HH005,Uttar Pradesh,Lucknow,Rural,Agriculture,Cooperative,Basic Needs,12000,2000,80,20,2000,4.9

HH006,Tamil Nadu,Chennai,Urban,Salaried,Private Bank,Transport,35000,6000,35,65,0,6.7

HH007,West Bengal,Kolkata,Urban,Self-Employed,Private Bank,Food,28000,3000,60,40,0,5.8

HH008,Rajasthan,Jaipur,Rural,Agriculture,Cooperative,Utilities,15000,2500,70,30,0,5.2

HH009,Bihar,Patna,Rural,Labor,No Bank,Cash Expenses,9000,500,90,10,0,3.8

HH010,Telangana,Hyderabad,Urban,Salaried,Private Bank,Entertainment,52000,7000,30,70,0,6.9

HH011,Gujarat,Ahmedabad,Urban,Self-Employed,Public Bank,Food,33000,3500,45,55,0,6.0

HH012,Odisha,Bhubaneswar,Rural,Agriculture,Cooperative,Basic Needs,14000,1200,75,25,0,4.7

HH013,Madhya Pradesh,Bhopal,Rural,Agriculture,Cooperative,Education,16000,2000,65,35,0,5.0

HH014,Assam,Guwahati,Urban,Salaried,Public Bank,Transport,26000,3000,40,60,0,5.6

HH015,Jharkhand,Ranchi,Rural,Labor,No Bank,Cash Expenses,11000,700,85,15,0,4.1

HH016,Haryana,Gurugram,Urban,Salaried,Private Bank,Rent & Bills,98000,20000,22,78,0,8.1

HH017,Punjab,Chandigarh,Urban,Pensioner,Public Bank,Healthcare,30000,4000,48,52,0,6.3

HH018,Chhattisgarh,Raipur,Rural,Agriculture,Cooperative,Basic Needs,13000,1500,78,22,0,4.5

HH019,Andhra Pradesh,Vijayawada,Urban,Self-Employed,Private Bank,Education,29000,2500,55,45,0,5.7

HH020,Goa,Panaji,Urban,Tourism,Private Bank,Entertainment,72000,10000,28,72,15000,7.4

;

run;

proc print;run;

Output:

Obs	HouseholdID	State	City	Urban_Rural	Income_Source	Bank_Type	Predominant_Expense	Monthly_Income	Monthly_Savings	Cash_Share	Digital_Share	Remittance_Amount	Financial_Literacy	Savings_Rate	Income_Tier
1	HH001	Maharashtra	Mumbai	Urban	Salaried	Private Bank	Rent & Bills	85000.00	15000.00	20.00	80.00	0.00	7.80	0.17647	Upper-Mid
2	HH002	Delhi	New Delhi	Urban	Salaried	Public Bank	Food	45000.00	5000.00	30.00	70.00	0.00	6.40	0.11111	Upper-Mid
3	HH003	Karnataka	Bengaluru	Urban	Self-Employed	Private Bank	Education	60000.00	8000.00	25.00	75.00	5000.00	7.00	0.13333	Upper-Mid
4	HH004	Kerala	Thiruvananthapuram	Urban	Pensioner	Public Bank	Healthcare	22000.00	4000.00	50.00	50.00	10000.00	6.20	0.18182	Mid
5	HH005	Uttar Pradesh	Lucknow	Rural	Agriculture	Cooperative	Basic Needs	12000.00	2000.00	80.00	20.00	2000.00	4.90	0.16667	Low
6	HH006	Tamil Nadu	Chennai	Urban	Salaried	Private Bank	Transport	35000.00	6000.00	35.00	65.00	0.00	6.70	0.17143	Upper-Mid
7	HH007	West Bengal	Kolkata	Urban	Self-Employed	Private Bank	Food	28000.00	3000.00	60.00	40.00	0.00	5.80	0.10714	Mid
8	HH008	Rajasthan	Jaipur	Rural	Agriculture	Cooperative	Utilities	15000.00	2500.00	70.00	30.00	0.00	5.20	0.16667	Mid
9	HH009	Bihar	Patna	Rural	Labor	No Bank	Cash Expenses	9000.00	500.00	90.00	10.00	0.00	3.80	0.05556	Low
10	HH010	Telangana	Hyderabad	Urban	Salaried	Private Bank	Entertainment	52000.00	7000.00	30.00	70.00	0.00	6.90	0.13462	Upper-Mid
11	HH011	Gujarat	Ahmedabad	Urban	Self-Employed	Public Bank	Food	33000.00	3500.00	45.00	55.00	0.00	6.00	0.10606	Upper-Mid
12	HH012	Odisha	Bhubaneswar	Rural	Agriculture	Cooperative	Basic Needs	14000.00	1200.00	75.00	25.00	0.00	4.70	0.08571	Low
13	HH013	Madhya Pradesh	Bhopal	Rural	Agriculture	Cooperative	Education	16000.00	2000.00	65.00	35.00	0.00	5.00	0.12500	Mid
14	HH014	Assam	Guwahati	Urban	Salaried	Public Bank	Transport	26000.00	3000.00	40.00	60.00	0.00	5.60	0.11538	Mid
15	HH015	Jharkhand	Ranchi	Rural	Labor	No Bank	Cash Expenses	11000.00	700.00	85.00	15.00	0.00	4.10	0.06364	Low
16	HH016	Haryana	Gurugram	Urban	Salaried	Private Bank	Rent & Bills	98000.00	20000.00	22.00	78.00	0.00	8.10	0.20408	Upper-Mid
17	HH017	Punjab	Chandigarh	Urban	Pensioner	Public Bank	Healthcare	30000.00	4000.00	48.00	52.00	0.00	6.30	0.13333	Upper-Mid
18	HH018	Chhattisgarh	Raipur	Rural	Agriculture	Cooperative	Basic Needs	13000.00	1500.00	78.00	22.00	0.00	4.50	0.11538	Low
19	HH019	Andhra Pradesh	Vijayawada	Urban	Self-Employed	Private Bank	Education	29000.00	2500.00	55.00	45.00	0.00	5.70	0.08621	Mid
20	HH020	Goa	Panaji	Urban	Tourism	Private Bank	Entertainment	72000.00	10000.00	28.00	72.00	15000.00	7.40	0.13889	Upper-Mid

2) FORMATS and LABELS

proc format;

value $urbanfmt 'Urban'='Urban'

'Rural'='Rural'

other ='Unknown';

value $tierfmt 'High'='High (>=100k)'

'Upper-Mid'='Upper-Mid (30k-99k)'

'Mid'='Mid (15k-29k)'

'Low'='Low (<15k)';

run;

proc datasets library=work nolist;

modify money_in_india;

label Monthly_Income = 'Monthly Income (INR)'

Monthly_Savings = 'Monthly Savings (INR)'

Cash_Share = 'Cash Share Percentage'

Digital_Share = 'Digital Share Percentage'

Financial_Literacy = 'Financial Literacy Score (1-10)'

Remittance_Amount = 'Monthly Remittance (INR)'

Savings_Rate = 'Savings Rate (Savings/Income)';

quit;

3) BASIC EXPLORATION

proc contents data=money_in_india short;

run;

Output:

The CONTENTS Procedure


Alphabetic List of Variables for WORK.MONEY_IN_INDIA
Bank_Type Cash_Share City Digital_Share Financial_Literacy HouseholdID Income_Source Income_Tier Monthly_Income Monthly_Savings Predominant_Expense Remittance_Amount Savings_Rate State Urban_Rural

proc print data=money_in_india noobs label;

run;

Output:

HouseholdID	State	City	Urban_Rural	Income_Source	Bank_Type	Predominant_Expense	Monthly Income (INR)	Monthly Savings (INR)	Cash Share Percentage	Digital Share Percentage	Monthly Remittance (INR)	Financial Literacy Score (1-10)	Savings Rate (Savings/Income)	Income_Tier
HH001	Maharashtra	Mumbai	Urban	Salaried	Private Bank	Rent & Bills	85000.00	15000.00	20.00	80.00	0.00	7.80	0.17647	Upper-Mid
HH002	Delhi	New Delhi	Urban	Salaried	Public Bank	Food	45000.00	5000.00	30.00	70.00	0.00	6.40	0.11111	Upper-Mid
HH003	Karnataka	Bengaluru	Urban	Self-Employed	Private Bank	Education	60000.00	8000.00	25.00	75.00	5000.00	7.00	0.13333	Upper-Mid
HH004	Kerala	Thiruvananthapuram	Urban	Pensioner	Public Bank	Healthcare	22000.00	4000.00	50.00	50.00	10000.00	6.20	0.18182	Mid
HH005	Uttar Pradesh	Lucknow	Rural	Agriculture	Cooperative	Basic Needs	12000.00	2000.00	80.00	20.00	2000.00	4.90	0.16667	Low
HH006	Tamil Nadu	Chennai	Urban	Salaried	Private Bank	Transport	35000.00	6000.00	35.00	65.00	0.00	6.70	0.17143	Upper-Mid
HH007	West Bengal	Kolkata	Urban	Self-Employed	Private Bank	Food	28000.00	3000.00	60.00	40.00	0.00	5.80	0.10714	Mid
HH008	Rajasthan	Jaipur	Rural	Agriculture	Cooperative	Utilities	15000.00	2500.00	70.00	30.00	0.00	5.20	0.16667	Mid
HH009	Bihar	Patna	Rural	Labor	No Bank	Cash Expenses	9000.00	500.00	90.00	10.00	0.00	3.80	0.05556	Low
HH010	Telangana	Hyderabad	Urban	Salaried	Private Bank	Entertainment	52000.00	7000.00	30.00	70.00	0.00	6.90	0.13462	Upper-Mid
HH011	Gujarat	Ahmedabad	Urban	Self-Employed	Public Bank	Food	33000.00	3500.00	45.00	55.00	0.00	6.00	0.10606	Upper-Mid
HH012	Odisha	Bhubaneswar	Rural	Agriculture	Cooperative	Basic Needs	14000.00	1200.00	75.00	25.00	0.00	4.70	0.08571	Low
HH013	Madhya Pradesh	Bhopal	Rural	Agriculture	Cooperative	Education	16000.00	2000.00	65.00	35.00	0.00	5.00	0.12500	Mid
HH014	Assam	Guwahati	Urban	Salaried	Public Bank	Transport	26000.00	3000.00	40.00	60.00	0.00	5.60	0.11538	Mid
HH015	Jharkhand	Ranchi	Rural	Labor	No Bank	Cash Expenses	11000.00	700.00	85.00	15.00	0.00	4.10	0.06364	Low
HH016	Haryana	Gurugram	Urban	Salaried	Private Bank	Rent & Bills	98000.00	20000.00	22.00	78.00	0.00	8.10	0.20408	Upper-Mid
HH017	Punjab	Chandigarh	Urban	Pensioner	Public Bank	Healthcare	30000.00	4000.00	48.00	52.00	0.00	6.30	0.13333	Upper-Mid
HH018	Chhattisgarh	Raipur	Rural	Agriculture	Cooperative	Basic Needs	13000.00	1500.00	78.00	22.00	0.00	4.50	0.11538	Low
HH019	Andhra Pradesh	Vijayawada	Urban	Self-Employed	Private Bank	Education	29000.00	2500.00	55.00	45.00	0.00	5.70	0.08621	Mid
HH020	Goa	Panaji	Urban	Tourism	Private Bank	Entertainment	72000.00	10000.00	28.00	72.00	15000.00	7.40	0.13889	Upper-Mid

proc freq data=money_in_india;

tables State Urban_Rural Income_Tier Bank_Type / nocum norow nocol;

run;

Output:

The FREQ Procedure


State	Frequency	Percent
Andhra Pradesh	1	5.00
Assam	1	5.00
Bihar	1	5.00
Chhattisgarh	1	5.00
Delhi	1	5.00
Goa	1	5.00
Gujarat	1	5.00
Haryana	1	5.00
Jharkhand	1	5.00
Karnataka	1	5.00
Kerala	1	5.00
Madhya Pradesh	1	5.00
Maharashtra	1	5.00
Odisha	1	5.00
Punjab	1	5.00
Rajasthan	1	5.00
Tamil Nadu	1	5.00
Telangana	1	5.00
Uttar Pradesh	1	5.00
West Bengal	1	5.00


Urban_Rural	Frequency	Percent
Rural	7	35.00
Urban	13	65.00


Income_Tier	Frequency	Percent
Low	5	25.00
Mid	6	30.00
Upper-Mid	9	45.00


Bank_Type	Frequency	Percent
Cooperative	5	25.00
No Bank	2	10.00
Private Bank	8	40.00
Public Bank	5	25.00

proc means data=money_in_india n mean median std min max nmiss;

var Monthly_Income Monthly_Savings Cash_Share Digital_Share Remittance_Amount

Financial_Literacy Savings_Rate;

run;

Output:

The MEANS Procedure


Variable	Label	N	Mean	Median	Std Dev	Minimum	Maximum	N Miss
Monthly_Income Monthly_Savings Cash_Share Digital_Share Remittance_Amount Financial_Literacy Savings_Rate	Monthly Income (INR) Monthly Savings (INR) Cash Share Percentage Digital Share Percentage Monthly Remittance (INR) Financial Literacy Score (1-10) Savings Rate (Savings/Income)	20 20 20 20 20 20 20	35250.00 5070.00 51.5500000 48.4500000 1600.00 5.9050000 0.1289250	28500.00 3250.00 49.0000000 51.0000000 0 5.9000000 0.1291667	25835.26 4984.62 22.6912341 22.6912341 3992.10 1.2041485 0.0401098	9000.00 500.0000000 20.0000000 10.0000000 0 3.8000000 0.0555556	98000.00 20000.00 90.0000000 80.0000000 15000.00 8.1000000 0.2040816	0 0 0 0 0 0 0

proc univariate data=money_in_india cibasic;

var Monthly_Income Monthly_Savings Financial_Literacy;

histogram Monthly_Income / normal;

run;

Output:

The UNIVARIATE Procedure

Variable: Monthly_Income (Monthly Income (INR))


Moments
N	20	Sum Weights	20
Mean	35250	Sum Observations	705000
Std Deviation	25835.2574	Variance	667460526
Skewness	1.2065323	Kurtosis	0.64882935
Uncorrected SS	3.7533E10	Corrected SS	1.26818E10
Coeff Variation	73.2915104	Std Error Mean	5776.93918


Basic Statistical Measures
Location		Variability
Mean	35250.00	Std Deviation	25835
Median	28500.00	Variance	667460526
Mode	.	Range	89000
		Interquartile Range	34000


Basic Confidence Limits Assuming Normality
Parameter	Estimate	95% Confidence Limits
Mean	35250	23159	47341
Std Deviation	25835	19647	37734
Variance	667460526	386022885	1423873186


Tests for Location: Mu0=0
Test	Statistic		p Value
Student's t	t	6.101847	Pr > \|t\|	<.0001
Sign	M	10	Pr >= \|M\|	<.0001
Signed Rank	S	105	Pr >= \|S\|	<.0001


Quantiles (Definition 5)
Level	Quantile
100% Max	98000
99%	98000
95%	91500
90%	78500
75% Q3	48500
50% Median	28500
25% Q1	14500
10%	11500
5%	10000
1%	9000
0% Min	9000


Extreme Observations
Lowest		Highest
Value	Obs	Value	Obs
9000	9	52000	10
11000	15	60000	3
12000	5	72000	20
13000	18	85000	1
14000	12	98000	16

The UNIVARIATE Procedure

The UNIVARIATE Procedure

Fitted Normal Distribution for Monthly_Income (Monthly Income (INR))


Parameters for Normal Distribution
Parameter	Symbol	Estimate
Mean	Mu	35250
Std Dev	Sigma	25835.26


Goodness-of-Fit Tests for Normal Distribution
Test	Statistic		p Value
Kolmogorov-Smirnov	D	0.20386038	Pr > D	0.028
Cramer-von Mises	W-Sq	0.17272625	Pr > W-Sq	0.010
Anderson-Darling	A-Sq	1.01942059	Pr > A-Sq	0.009


Quantiles for Normal Distribution
Percent	Quantile
Percent	Observed	Estimated
1.0	9000.00	-24851.80
5.0	10000.00	-7245.22
10.0	11500.00	2140.79
25.0	14500.00	17824.38
50.0	28500.00	35250.00
75.0	48500.00	52675.62
90.0	78500.00	68359.21
95.0	91500.00	77745.22
99.0	98000.00	95351.80

The UNIVARIATE Procedure

Variable: Monthly_Savings (Monthly Savings (INR))


Moments
N	20	Sum Weights	20
Mean	5070	Sum Observations	101400
Std Deviation	4984.61845	Variance	24846421.1
Skewness	1.91792763	Kurtosis	3.66741326
Uncorrected SS	986180000	Corrected SS	472082000
Coeff Variation	98.3159457	Std Error Mean	1114.59457


Basic Statistical Measures
Location		Variability
Mean	5070.000	Std Deviation	4985
Median	3250.000	Variance	24846421
Mode	2000.000	Range	19500
		Interquartile Range	4500

Note: The mode displayed is the smallest of 4 modes with a count of 2.


Basic Confidence Limits Assuming Normality
Parameter	Estimate	95% Confidence Limits
Mean	5070	2737	7403
Std Deviation	4985	3791	7280
Variance	24846421	14369819	53004112


Tests for Location: Mu0=0
Test	Statistic		p Value
Student's t	t	4.548739	Pr > \|t\|	0.0002
Sign	M	10	Pr >= \|M\|	<.0001
Signed Rank	S	105	Pr >= \|S\|	<.0001


Quantiles (Definition 5)
Level	Quantile
100% Max	20000
99%	20000
95%	17500
90%	12500
75% Q3	6500
50% Median	3250
25% Q1	2000
10%	950
5%	600
1%	500
0% Min	500


Extreme Observations
Lowest		Highest
Value	Obs	Value	Obs
500	9	7000	10
700	15	8000	3
1200	12	10000	20
1500	18	15000	1
2000	13	20000	16

The UNIVARIATE Procedure

Variable: Financial_Literacy (Financial Literacy Score (1-10))


Moments
N	20	Sum Weights	20
Mean	5.905	Sum Observations	118.1
Std Deviation	1.20414853	Variance	1.44997368
Skewness	0.06215618	Kurtosis	-0.7142734
Uncorrected SS	724.93	Corrected SS	27.5495
Coeff Variation	20.3920158	Std Error Mean	0.2692558


Basic Statistical Measures
Location		Variability
Mean	5.905000	Std Deviation	1.20415
Median	5.900000	Variance	1.44997
Mode	.	Range	4.30000
		Interquartile Range	1.85000


Basic Confidence Limits Assuming Normality
Parameter	Estimate	95% Confidence Limits
Mean	5.90500	5.34144	6.46856
Std Deviation	1.20415	0.91574	1.75875
Variance	1.44997	0.83859	3.09318


Tests for Location: Mu0=0
Test	Statistic		p Value
Student's t	t	21.93082	Pr > \|t\|	<.0001
Sign	M	10	Pr >= \|M\|	<.0001
Signed Rank	S	105	Pr >= \|S\|	<.0001


Quantiles (Definition 5)
Level	Quantile
100% Max	8.10
99%	8.10
95%	7.95
90%	7.60
75% Q3	6.80
50% Median	5.90
25% Q1	4.95
10%	4.30
5%	3.95
1%	3.80
0% Min	3.80


Extreme Observations
Lowest		Highest
Value	Obs	Value	Obs
3.8	9	6.9	10
4.1	15	7.0	3
4.5	18	7.4	20
4.7	12	7.8	1
4.9	5	8.1	16

4) PROC SQL EXAMPLES

proc sql;

title 'Average Monthly Income by State';

create table avg_income_state as

select State, count(*) as N, round(mean(Monthly_Income),2) as Avg_Income,

round(sum(Monthly_Savings),2) as Total_Savings

from money_in_india

group by State

order by Avg_Income desc;

quit;

proc print;run;

Output:

Average Monthly Income by State


Obs	State	N	Avg_Income	Total_Savings
1	Haryana	1	98000	20000
2	Maharashtra	1	85000	15000
3	Goa	1	72000	10000
4	Karnataka	1	60000	8000
5	Telangana	1	52000	7000
6	Delhi	1	45000	5000
7	Tamil Nadu	1	35000	6000
8	Gujarat	1	33000	3500
9	Punjab	1	30000	4000
10	Andhra Pradesh	1	29000	2500
11	West Bengal	1	28000	3000
12	Assam	1	26000	3000
13	Kerala	1	22000	4000
14	Madhya Pradesh	1	16000	2000
15	Rajasthan	1	15000	2500
16	Odisha	1	14000	1200
17	Chhattisgarh	1	13000	1500
18	Uttar Pradesh	1	12000	2000
19	Jharkhand	1	11000	700
20	Bihar	1	9000	500

proc sql;

create table digital_adoption as

select Urban_Rural,

mean(Digital_Share) as Avg_Digital_Share format=8.2,

mean(Cash_Share) as Avg_Cash_Share format=8.2,

mean(Financial_Literacy) as Avg_Fin_Lit format=8.2

from money_in_india

group by Urban_Rural;

quit;

proc print;run;

Output:

Obs	Urban_Rural	Avg_Digital_Share	Avg_Cash_Share	Avg_Fin_Lit
1	Rural	22.43	77.57	4.60
2	Urban	62.46	37.54	6.61

proc sql;

create table similar_income_pairs as

select a.HouseholdID as H1, b.HouseholdID as H2, a.Income_Tier,

a.Monthly_Income as Income1, b.Monthly_Income as Income2

from money_in_india a, money_in_india b

where a.Income_Tier = b.Income_Tier and a.HouseholdID < b.HouseholdID;

quit;

proc print;run;

Output:

Obs	H1	H2	Income_Tier	Income1	Income2
1	HH001	HH020	Upper-Mid	85000.00	72000.00
2	HH001	HH017	Upper-Mid	85000.00	30000.00
3	HH001	HH016	Upper-Mid	85000.00	98000.00
4	HH001	HH011	Upper-Mid	85000.00	33000.00
5	HH001	HH010	Upper-Mid	85000.00	52000.00
6	HH001	HH006	Upper-Mid	85000.00	35000.00
7	HH001	HH003	Upper-Mid	85000.00	60000.00
8	HH001	HH002	Upper-Mid	85000.00	45000.00
9	HH002	HH020	Upper-Mid	45000.00	72000.00
10	HH002	HH017	Upper-Mid	45000.00	30000.00
11	HH002	HH016	Upper-Mid	45000.00	98000.00
12	HH002	HH011	Upper-Mid	45000.00	33000.00
13	HH002	HH010	Upper-Mid	45000.00	52000.00
14	HH002	HH006	Upper-Mid	45000.00	35000.00
15	HH002	HH003	Upper-Mid	45000.00	60000.00
16	HH003	HH020	Upper-Mid	60000.00	72000.00
17	HH003	HH017	Upper-Mid	60000.00	30000.00
18	HH003	HH016	Upper-Mid	60000.00	98000.00
19	HH003	HH011	Upper-Mid	60000.00	33000.00
20	HH003	HH010	Upper-Mid	60000.00	52000.00
21	HH003	HH006	Upper-Mid	60000.00	35000.00
22	HH004	HH019	Mid	22000.00	29000.00
23	HH004	HH014	Mid	22000.00	26000.00
24	HH004	HH013	Mid	22000.00	16000.00
25	HH004	HH008	Mid	22000.00	15000.00
26	HH004	HH007	Mid	22000.00	28000.00
27	HH005	HH018	Low	12000.00	13000.00
28	HH005	HH015	Low	12000.00	11000.00
29	HH005	HH012	Low	12000.00	14000.00
30	HH005	HH009	Low	12000.00	9000.00
31	HH006	HH020	Upper-Mid	35000.00	72000.00
32	HH006	HH017	Upper-Mid	35000.00	30000.00
33	HH006	HH016	Upper-Mid	35000.00	98000.00
34	HH006	HH011	Upper-Mid	35000.00	33000.00
35	HH006	HH010	Upper-Mid	35000.00	52000.00
36	HH007	HH019	Mid	28000.00	29000.00
37	HH007	HH014	Mid	28000.00	26000.00
38	HH007	HH013	Mid	28000.00	16000.00
39	HH007	HH008	Mid	28000.00	15000.00
40	HH008	HH019	Mid	15000.00	29000.00
41	HH008	HH014	Mid	15000.00	26000.00
42	HH008	HH013	Mid	15000.00	16000.00
43	HH009	HH018	Low	9000.00	13000.00
44	HH009	HH015	Low	9000.00	11000.00
45	HH009	HH012	Low	9000.00	14000.00
46	HH010	HH020	Upper-Mid	52000.00	72000.00
47	HH010	HH017	Upper-Mid	52000.00	30000.00
48	HH010	HH016	Upper-Mid	52000.00	98000.00
49	HH010	HH011	Upper-Mid	52000.00	33000.00
50	HH011	HH020	Upper-Mid	33000.00	72000.00
51	HH011	HH017	Upper-Mid	33000.00	30000.00
52	HH011	HH016	Upper-Mid	33000.00	98000.00
53	HH012	HH018	Low	14000.00	13000.00
54	HH012	HH015	Low	14000.00	11000.00
55	HH013	HH019	Mid	16000.00	29000.00
56	HH013	HH014	Mid	16000.00	26000.00
57	HH014	HH019	Mid	26000.00	29000.00
58	HH015	HH018	Low	11000.00	13000.00
59	HH016	HH020	Upper-Mid	98000.00	72000.00
60	HH016	HH017	Upper-Mid	98000.00	30000.00
61	HH017	HH020	Upper-Mid	30000.00	72000.00

5) PROC REPORT, PROC TABULATE, TRANSPOSE

proc report data=avg_income_state nowd headline;

column State N Avg_Income Total_Savings;

define State / group 'State';

define N / 'Count';

define Avg_Income / analysis format=comma10.2 'Avg Income (INR)';

define Total_Savings / analysis format=comma12.2 'Total Savings (INR)';

run;

Output:

State	Count	Avg Income (INR)	Total Savings (INR)
Andhra Pradesh	1	29,000.00	2,500.00
Assam	1	26,000.00	3,000.00
Bihar	1	9,000.00	500.00
Chhattisgarh	1	13,000.00	1,500.00
Delhi	1	45,000.00	5,000.00
Goa	1	72,000.00	10,000.00
Gujarat	1	33,000.00	3,500.00
Haryana	1	98,000.00	20,000.00
Jharkhand	1	11,000.00	700.00
Karnataka	1	60,000.00	8,000.00
Kerala	1	22,000.00	4,000.00
Madhya Pradesh	1	16,000.00	2,000.00
Maharashtra	1	85,000.00	15,000.00
Odisha	1	14,000.00	1,200.00
Punjab	1	30,000.00	4,000.00
Rajasthan	1	15,000.00	2,500.00
Tamil Nadu	1	35,000.00	6,000.00
Telangana	1	52,000.00	7,000.00
Uttar Pradesh	1	12,000.00	2,000.00
West Bengal	1	28,000.00	3,000.00

proc tabulate data=money_in_india;

class Income_Tier Urban_Rural;

var Monthly_Income;

table Income_Tier all,

Urban_Rural*(Monthly_Income*(n mean*format=8.2));

keylabel n='Count' mean='Avg Income';

run;

Output:


	Urban_Rural
	Rural		Urban
	Monthly Income (INR)		Monthly Income (INR)
	Count	Avg Income	Count	Avg Income
Income_Tier	5	11800.00	.	.
Low	5	11800.00	.	.
Mid	2	15500.00	4	26250.00
Upper-Mid	.	.	9	56666.67
All	7	12857.14	13	47307.69

proc sort data=money_in_india out=_sorted;

by State;

run;

proc transpose data=_sorted out=trans_incomes prefix=Income_;

by State;

id HouseholdID;

var Monthly_Income;

run;

proc print;run;

Output:


Obs	State	_NAME_	_LABEL_	Income_HH019	Income_HH014	Income_HH009	Income_HH018	Income_HH002	Income_HH020	Income_HH011	Income_HH016	Income_HH015	Income_HH003	Income_HH004	Income_HH013	Income_HH001	Income_HH012	Income_HH017	Income_HH008	Income_HH006	Income_HH010	Income_HH005	Income_HH007
1	Andhra Pradesh	Monthly_Income	Monthly Income (INR)	29000.00	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
2	Assam	Monthly_Income	Monthly Income (INR)	.	26000.00	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
3	Bihar	Monthly_Income	Monthly Income (INR)	.	.	9000.00	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
4	Chhattisgarh	Monthly_Income	Monthly Income (INR)	.	.	.	13000.00	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
5	Delhi	Monthly_Income	Monthly Income (INR)	.	.	.	.	45000.00	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
6	Goa	Monthly_Income	Monthly Income (INR)	.	.	.	.	.	72000.00	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
7	Gujarat	Monthly_Income	Monthly Income (INR)	.	.	.	.	.	.	33000.00	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
8	Haryana	Monthly_Income	Monthly Income (INR)	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	98000.00	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
9	Jharkhand	Monthly_Income	Monthly Income (INR)	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	11000.00	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
10	Karnataka	Monthly_Income	Monthly Income (INR)	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	60000.00	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
11	Kerala	Monthly_Income	Monthly Income (INR)	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	22000.00	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
12	Madhya Pradesh	Monthly_Income	Monthly Income (INR)	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	16000.00	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
13	Maharashtra	Monthly_Income	Monthly Income (INR)	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	85000.00	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
14	Odisha	Monthly_Income	Monthly Income (INR)	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	14000.00	.	.	.	.	.	.
15	Punjab	Monthly_Income	Monthly Income (INR)	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	30000.00	.	.	.	.	.
16	Rajasthan	Monthly_Income	Monthly Income (INR)	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	15000.00	.	.	.	.
17	Tamil Nadu	Monthly_Income	Monthly Income (INR)	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	35000.00	.	.	.
18	Telangana	Monthly_Income	Monthly Income (INR)	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	52000.00	.	.
19	Uttar Pradesh	Monthly_Income	Monthly Income (INR)	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	12000.00	.
20	West Bengal	Monthly_Income	Monthly Income (INR)	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	28000.00

6) MACROS — reusable reports and QC

%macro summary_by(categorical=);

%put NOTE: Running summary_by for &categorical.;

proc means data=money_in_india n mean median std min max;

class &categorical.;

var Monthly_Income Monthly_Savings Financial_Literacy;

run;

%mend summary_by;

%summary_by(categorical=Income_Tier)

Output:

The MEANS Procedure


Income_Tier	N Obs	Variable	Label	N	Mean	Median	Std Dev	Minimum	Maximum
Low	5	Monthly_Income Monthly_Savings Financial_Literacy	Monthly Income (INR) Monthly Savings (INR) Financial Literacy Score (1-10)	5 5 5	11800.00 1180.00 4.4000000	12000.00 1200.00 4.5000000	1923.54 605.8052492 0.4472136	9000.00 500.0000000 3.8000000	14000.00 2000.00 4.9000000
Mid	6	Monthly_Income Monthly_Savings Financial_Literacy	Monthly Income (INR) Monthly Savings (INR) Financial Literacy Score (1-10)	6 6 6	22666.67 2833.33 5.5833333	24000.00 2750.00 5.6500000	6055.30 683.1300511 0.4308906	15000.00 2000.00 5.0000000	29000.00 4000.00 6.2000000
Upper-Mid	9	Monthly_Income Monthly_Savings Financial_Literacy	Monthly Income (INR) Monthly Savings (INR) Financial Literacy Score (1-10)	9 9 9	56666.67 8722.22 6.9555556	52000.00 7000.00 6.9000000	24124.68 5506.31 0.7019813	30000.00 3500.00 6.0000000	98000.00 20000.00 8.1000000

%summary_by(categorical=Urban_Rural)

Output:

The MEANS Procedure


Urban_Rural	N Obs	Variable	Label	N	Mean	Median	Std Dev	Minimum	Maximum
Rural	7	Monthly_Income Monthly_Savings Financial_Literacy	Monthly Income (INR) Monthly Savings (INR) Financial Literacy Score (1-10)	7 7 7	12857.14 1485.71 4.6000000	13000.00 1500.00 4.7000000	2410.30 733.5497516 0.5033223	9000.00 500.0000000 3.8000000	16000.00 2500.00 5.2000000
Urban	13	Monthly_Income Monthly_Savings Financial_Literacy	Monthly Income (INR) Monthly Savings (INR) Financial Literacy Score (1-10)	13 13 13	47307.69 7000.00 6.6076923	35000.00 5000.00 6.4000000	24574.32 5248.02 0.8004806	22000.00 2500.00 5.6000000	98000.00 20000.00 8.1000000

%summary_by(categorical=Bank_Type)

Output:

The MEANS Procedure


Bank_Type	N Obs	Variable	Label	N	Mean	Median	Std Dev	Minimum	Maximum
Cooperative	5	Monthly_Income Monthly_Savings Financial_Literacy	Monthly Income (INR) Monthly Savings (INR) Financial Literacy Score (1-10)	5 5 5	14000.00 1840.00 4.8600000	14000.00 2000.00 4.9000000	1581.14 502.9910536 0.2701851	12000.00 1200.00 4.5000000	16000.00 2500.00 5.2000000
No Bank	2	Monthly_Income Monthly_Savings Financial_Literacy	Monthly Income (INR) Monthly Savings (INR) Financial Literacy Score (1-10)	2 2 2	10000.00 600.0000000 3.9500000	10000.00 600.0000000 3.9500000	1414.21 141.4213562 0.2121320	9000.00 500.0000000 3.8000000	11000.00 700.0000000 4.1000000
Private Bank	8	Monthly_Income Monthly_Savings Financial_Literacy	Monthly Income (INR) Monthly Savings (INR) Financial Literacy Score (1-10)	8 8 8	57375.00 8937.50 6.9250000	56000.00 7500.00 6.9500000	26272.95 5978.76 0.8614771	28000.00 2500.00 5.7000000	98000.00 20000.00 8.1000000
Public Bank	5	Monthly_Income Monthly_Savings Financial_Literacy	Monthly Income (INR) Monthly Savings (INR) Financial Literacy Score (1-10)	5 5 5	31200.00 3900.00 6.1000000	30000.00 4000.00 6.2000000	8757.85 741.6198487 0.3162278	22000.00 3000.00 5.6000000	45000.00 5000.00 6.4000000

%macro make_report(state=);

%put INFO: Creating report for &state.;

proc sql;

create table report_&state. as

select *

from money_in_india

where State = "&state.";

quit;

proc means data=report_&state. n mean std median;

var Monthly_Income Monthly_Savings Digital_Share;

run;

proc freq data=report_&state.;

tables Income_Tier Urban_Rural / nocum nopercent;

run;

%mend make_report;

%make_report(state=Maharashtra)

Output:

The MEANS Procedure


Variable	Label	N	Mean	Std Dev	Median
Monthly_Income Monthly_Savings Digital_Share	Monthly Income (INR) Monthly Savings (INR) Digital Share Percentage	1 1 1	85000.00 15000.00 80.0000000	. . .	85000.00 15000.00 80.0000000

The FREQ Procedure


Income_Tier	Frequency
Upper-Mid	1


Urban_Rural	Frequency
Urban	1

%make_report(state=Kerala)

Output:

The MEANS Procedure


Variable	Label	N	Mean	Std Dev	Median
Monthly_Income Monthly_Savings Digital_Share	Monthly Income (INR) Monthly Savings (INR) Digital Share Percentage	1 1 1	22000.00 4000.00 50.0000000	. . .	22000.00 4000.00 50.0000000

The FREQ Procedure


Income_Tier	Frequency
Mid	1


Urban_Rural	Frequency
Urban	1

7) QC / VALIDATION CHECKS

data qc_checks;

set money_in_india;

sum_share = Cash_Share + Digital_Share;

if missing(Cash_Share) or missing(Digital_Share) then flag_missing=1;

else flag_missing=0;

if abs(sum_share - 100) > 5 then flag_unbalanced=1;

else flag_unbalanced=0;

run;

proc print;run;

Output:


Obs	HouseholdID	State	City	Urban_Rural	Income_Source	Bank_Type	Predominant_Expense	Monthly_Income	Monthly_Savings	Cash_Share	Digital_Share	Remittance_Amount	Financial_Literacy	Savings_Rate	Income_Tier	sum_share
1	HH001	Maharashtra	Mumbai	Urban	Salaried	Private Bank	Rent & Bills	85000.00	15000.00	20.00	80.00	0.00	7.80	0.17647	Upper-Mid	100
2	HH002	Delhi	New Delhi	Urban	Salaried	Public Bank	Food	45000.00	5000.00	30.00	70.00	0.00	6.40	0.11111	Upper-Mid	100
3	HH003	Karnataka	Bengaluru	Urban	Self-Employed	Private Bank	Education	60000.00	8000.00	25.00	75.00	5000.00	7.00	0.13333	Upper-Mid	100
4	HH004	Kerala	Thiruvananthapuram	Urban	Pensioner	Public Bank	Healthcare	22000.00	4000.00	50.00	50.00	10000.00	6.20	0.18182	Mid	100
5	HH005	Uttar Pradesh	Lucknow	Rural	Agriculture	Cooperative	Basic Needs	12000.00	2000.00	80.00	20.00	2000.00	4.90	0.16667	Low	100
6	HH006	Tamil Nadu	Chennai	Urban	Salaried	Private Bank	Transport	35000.00	6000.00	35.00	65.00	0.00	6.70	0.17143	Upper-Mid	100
7	HH007	West Bengal	Kolkata	Urban	Self-Employed	Private Bank	Food	28000.00	3000.00	60.00	40.00	0.00	5.80	0.10714	Mid	100
8	HH008	Rajasthan	Jaipur	Rural	Agriculture	Cooperative	Utilities	15000.00	2500.00	70.00	30.00	0.00	5.20	0.16667	Mid	100
9	HH009	Bihar	Patna	Rural	Labor	No Bank	Cash Expenses	9000.00	500.00	90.00	10.00	0.00	3.80	0.05556	Low	100
10	HH010	Telangana	Hyderabad	Urban	Salaried	Private Bank	Entertainment	52000.00	7000.00	30.00	70.00	0.00	6.90	0.13462	Upper-Mid	100
11	HH011	Gujarat	Ahmedabad	Urban	Self-Employed	Public Bank	Food	33000.00	3500.00	45.00	55.00	0.00	6.00	0.10606	Upper-Mid	100
12	HH012	Odisha	Bhubaneswar	Rural	Agriculture	Cooperative	Basic Needs	14000.00	1200.00	75.00	25.00	0.00	4.70	0.08571	Low	100
13	HH013	Madhya Pradesh	Bhopal	Rural	Agriculture	Cooperative	Education	16000.00	2000.00	65.00	35.00	0.00	5.00	0.12500	Mid	100
14	HH014	Assam	Guwahati	Urban	Salaried	Public Bank	Transport	26000.00	3000.00	40.00	60.00	0.00	5.60	0.11538	Mid	100
15	HH015	Jharkhand	Ranchi	Rural	Labor	No Bank	Cash Expenses	11000.00	700.00	85.00	15.00	0.00	4.10	0.06364	Low	100
16	HH016	Haryana	Gurugram	Urban	Salaried	Private Bank	Rent & Bills	98000.00	20000.00	22.00	78.00	0.00	8.10	0.20408	Upper-Mid	100
17	HH017	Punjab	Chandigarh	Urban	Pensioner	Public Bank	Healthcare	30000.00	4000.00	48.00	52.00	0.00	6.30	0.13333	Upper-Mid	100
18	HH018	Chhattisgarh	Raipur	Rural	Agriculture	Cooperative	Basic Needs	13000.00	1500.00	78.00	22.00	0.00	4.50	0.11538	Low	100
19	HH019	Andhra Pradesh	Vijayawada	Urban	Self-Employed	Private Bank	Education	29000.00	2500.00	55.00	45.00	0.00	5.70	0.08621	Mid	100
20	HH020	Goa	Panaji	Urban	Tourism	Private Bank	Entertainment	72000.00	10000.00	28.00	72.00	15000.00	7.40	0.13889	Upper-Mid	100

proc freq data=qc_checks;

tables flag_missing flag_unbalanced;

run;

Output:

The FREQ Procedure


flag_missing	Frequency	Percent	Cumulative Frequency	Cumulative Percent
0	20	100.00	20	100.00


flag_unbalanced	Frequency	Percent	Cumulative Frequency	Cumulative Percent
0	20	100.00	20	100.00

proc print data=qc_checks;

where flag_unbalanced=1 or flag_missing=1;

var HouseholdID State Cash_Share Digital_Share sum_share;

run;

Log:

NOTE: No observations were selected from data set WORK.QC_CHECKS.

 NOTE: There were 0 observations read from the data set WORK.QC_CHECKS.

       WHERE (flag_unbalanced=1) or (flag_missing=1);

 NOTE: PROCEDURE PRINT used (Total process time):

       real time           0.00 seconds

       user cpu time       0.00 seconds

       system cpu time     0.00 seconds

       memory              911.12k

       OS Memory           24232.00k

       Timestamp           08/19/2025 12:56:01 PM

       Step Count                        248  Switch Count  0

       Page Faults                       0

       Page Reclaims                     84

       Page Swaps                        0

       Voluntary Context Switches        0

       Involuntary Context Switches      0

       Block Input Operations            0

       Block Output Operations           8

8) ADVANCED PROC SQL + JOIN

data state_macro;

length State $20.;

input State :$20. Avg_State_Income Avg_Fin_Lit Rate_Digital;

datalines;

Maharashtra 65000 7.2 75

Delhi 54000 6.8 72

Karnataka 60000 6.9 70

Kerala 32000 6.3 68

Uttar Pradesh 15000 4.6 35

Tamil Nadu 42000 6.5 60

West Bengal 30000 5.7 50

Rajasthan 18000 4.9 40

Bihar 9000 3.6 20

Telangana 50000 6.8 68

Gujarat 40000 6.1 58

Odisha 16000 4.5 38

Madhya Pradesh 17000 4.8 36

Assam 25000 5.5 45

Jharkhand 11000 4.2 30

Haryana 70000 7.5 74

Punjab 35000 6.2 62

Chhattisgarh 14000 4.4 34

Andhra Pradesh 30000 5.9 55

Goa 68000 7.0 80

;

run;

proc print;run;

Output:


Obs	State	Avg_State_Income	Avg_Fin_Lit	Rate_Digital
1	Maharashtra	65000	7.2	75.0
2	Delhi	54000	6.8	72.0
3	Karnataka	60000	6.9	70.0
4	Kerala	32000	6.3	68.0
5	Uttar	.	15000.0	4.6
6	Tamil	.	42000.0	6.5
7	West	.	30000.0	5.7
8	Rajasthan	18000	4.9	40.0
9	Bihar	9000	3.6	20.0
10	Telangana	50000	6.8	68.0
11	Gujarat	40000	6.1	58.0
12	Odisha	16000	4.5	38.0
13	Madhya	.	17000.0	4.8
14	Assam	25000	5.5	45.0
15	Jharkhand	11000	4.2	30.0
16	Haryana	70000	7.5	74.0
17	Punjab	35000	6.2	62.0
18	Chhattisgarh	14000	4.4	34.0
19	Andhra	.	30000.0	5.9
20	Goa	68000	7.0	80.0

proc sql;

create table household_macro as

select a.*, b.Avg_State_Income, b.Avg_Fin_Lit, b.Rate_Digital

from money_in_india a left join state_macro b

on a.State = b.State;

quit;

proc print;

run;

proc sql;

create table below_state_avg as

select HouseholdID, State, Monthly_Income, Avg_State_Income

from household_macro

where Monthly_Income < Avg_State_Income

order by State, Monthly_Income;

quit;

proc print data=below_state_avg; run;

Output:


Obs	HouseholdID	State	Monthly_Income	Avg_State_Income
1	HH018	Chhattisgarh	13000.00	14000
2	HH002	Delhi	45000.00	54000
3	HH011	Gujarat	33000.00	40000
4	HH004	Kerala	22000.00	32000
5	HH012	Odisha	14000.00	16000
6	HH017	Punjab	30000.00	35000
7	HH008	Rajasthan	15000.00	18000

9) BASIC VISUALIZATION (requires SAS ODS Graphics)

ods graphics on;

proc sgplot data=money_in_india;

vbar Income_Tier / response=Monthly_Income stat=mean;

title 'Average Monthly Income by Income Tier';

run;

ods graphics off;

Output:

The SGPlot Procedure

10) SAVING RESULTS and CLEANUP

proc datasets library=work;

save avg_income_state digital_adoption household_macro;

quit;

Output:


Directory
Libref	WORK
Engine	V9
Physical Name	/saswork/SAS_workB994000181B7_odaws01-apse1-2.oda.sas.com/SAS_work1C21000181B7_odaws01-apse1-2.oda.sas.com
Filename	/saswork/SAS_workB994000181B7_odaws01-apse1-2.oda.sas.com/SAS_work1C21000181B7_odaws01-apse1-2.oda.sas.com
Inode Number	1081511
Access Permission	rwx------
Owner Name	u63247146
File Size	4KB
File Size (bytes)	4096


#	Name	Member Type	File Size	Last Modified
1	AVG_INCOME_STATE	DATA	256KB	08/19/2025 12:39:33
2	BELOW_STATE_AVG	DATA	256KB	08/19/2025 12:57:37
3	DIGITAL_ADOPTION	DATA	256KB	08/19/2025 12:55:21
4	FORMATS	CATALOG	24KB	08/19/2025 12:32:48
5	HOUSEHOLD_MACRO	DATA	256KB	08/19/2025 12:57:37
6	MONEY_IN_INDIA	DATA	384KB	08/19/2025 12:55:21
7	QC_CHECKS	DATA	256KB	08/19/2025 12:54:12
8	REGSTRY	ITEMSTOR	32KB	08/19/2025 12:04:25
9	REPORT_KERALA	DATA	256KB	08/19/2025 12:55:21
10	REPORT_MAHARASHTRA	DATA	256KB	08/19/2025 12:55:21
11	SASGOPT	CATALOG	12KB	08/19/2025 12:04:25
12	SASMAC1	CATALOG	212KB	08/19/2025 12:04:25
13	SASMAC2	CATALOG	20KB	08/19/2025 12:58:06
14	SASMAC3	CATALOG	20KB	08/19/2025 12:04:25
15	SASMAC4	CATALOG	20KB	08/19/2025 12:58:35
16	SASMAC5	CATALOG	20KB	08/19/2025 12:04:25
17	SASMAC6	CATALOG	20KB	08/19/2025 12:04:25
18	SASMAC7	CATALOG	20KB	08/19/2025 12:04:25
19	SASMAC8	CATALOG	20KB	08/19/2025 12:04:25
20	SASMAC9	CATALOG	20KB	08/19/2025 12:04:25
21	SASMACR	CATALOG	20KB	08/19/2025 12:58:06
22	SIMILAR_INCOME_PAIRS	DATA	256KB	08/19/2025 12:55:21
23	STATE_MACRO	DATA	256KB	08/19/2025 12:57:01
24	TRANS_INCOMES	DATA	256KB	08/19/2025 12:55:21
25	_SORTED	DATA	256KB	08/19/2025 12:55:21

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265.Is higher income really leading to better savings, or just higher spending?A Complete Sas Study

Is higher income really leading to better savings, or just higher spending?A Complete Sas Study

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