293.Can we analyze planets using SAS like NASA scientists?

Can we analyze planets using SAS like NASA scientists?

/*CREATING A DATASET OF REALWORLD PLANETS  */

1) Create dataset 

options nocenter;

data work.real_planets;

    length PlanetID $3 Name $20 Type $12 Mass_Earth 8 Radius_km 8 OrbitalPeriod_days 8 

          Moons 8 Has_Rings $1;

    label PlanetID = 'Planet ID'

          Name = 'Planet Name'

          Type = 'Planet Type (Terrestrial/Gas/Ice/Dwarf)'

          Mass_Earth = 'Mass (in Earth masses)'

          Radius_km = 'Radius (km)'

          OrbitalPeriod_days = 'Orbital Period (days)'

          Moons = 'Number of known moons'

          Has_Rings = 'Has Rings (Y/N)';

    input PlanetID $ Name :$20. Type :$12. Mass_Earth Radius_km OrbitalPeriod_days

          Moons Has_Rings :$1.;

    datalines;

P01 Mercury Terrestrial 0.055 2439 88 0 N

P02 Venus Terrestrial 0.815 6052 225 0 N

P03 Earth Terrestrial 1 6371 365.25 1 N

P04 Mars Terrestrial 0.107 3390 687 2 N

P05 Jupiter Gas 317.8 69911 4332 79 Y

P06 Saturn Gas 95.2 58232 10759 83 Y

P07 Uranus Ice 14.5 25362 30685 27 Y

P08 Neptune Ice 17.1 24622 60190 14 Y

P09 Pluto Dwarf 0.0022 1188 90560 5 N

P10 Eris Dwarf 0.0028 1163 203830 1 N

P11 Haumea Dwarf 0.0007 816 103000 2 N

P12 Ceres Dwarf 0.00015 473 1680 0 N

;

run;

proc print;run;

Output:

Obs	PlanetID	Name	Type	Mass_Earth	Radius_km	OrbitalPeriod_days	Moons	Has_Rings
1	P01	Mercury	Terrestrial	0.055	2439	88.00	0	N
2	P02	Venus	Terrestrial	0.815	6052	225.00	0	N
3	P03	Earth	Terrestrial	1.000	6371	365.25	1	N
4	P04	Mars	Terrestrial	0.107	3390	687.00	2	N
5	P05	Jupiter	Gas	317.800	69911	4332.00	79	Y
6	P06	Saturn	Gas	95.200	58232	10759.00	83	Y
7	P07	Uranus	Ice	14.500	25362	30685.00	27	Y
8	P08	Neptune	Ice	17.100	24622	60190.00	14	Y
9	P09	Pluto	Dwarf	0.002	1188	90560.00	5	N
10	P10	Eris	Dwarf	0.003	1163	203830.00	1	N
11	P11	Haumea	Dwarf	0.001	816	103000.00	2	N
12	P12	Ceres	Dwarf	0.000	473	1680.00	0	N

2) Add a derived variable using another macro: density (mass/volume)

Macro: %derive_density(in=, out=)

Purpose: Demonstrates macro parameters and numeric derivation in DATA step.

Note: Mass given in Earth masses; 

     convert Earth mass (5.972e24 kg) and 

     radius in km to compute density g/cm3 roughly.

     This is illustrative and not exact to high precision.

%macro derive_density(in=work.real_planets, out=work.real_planets2);

  data &out.;

    set &in.;

    /* Convert mass in Earth masses to kg and radius in km to meters for volume */

    Mass_kg = Mass_Earth * 5.972e24; /* mass in kg */

    Radius_m = Radius_km * 1000; /* radius in meters */

    Volume_m3 = (4/3) * constant('pi') * (Radius_m**3);

/* Density in kg/m^3, convert to g/cm^3 dividing by 1000 then by 1e6 -> kg/m3 to g/cm3 = /1000*/

    Density_gcm3 = (Mass_kg / Volume_m3) / 1000;

    format Density_gcm3 6.3 Mass_kg comma15.0 Radius_m comma12.0 Volume_m3 comma15.0;

    drop Mass_kg Radius_m Volume_m3;

  run;

  proc print;run;

%mend derive_density;

%derive_density(in=work.real_planets, out=work.real_planets2);

Output:

Obs	PlanetID	Name	Type	Mass_Earth	Radius_km	OrbitalPeriod_days	Moons	Has_Rings	Density_gcm3
1	P01	Mercury	Terrestrial	0.055	2439	88.00	0	N	5.405
2	P02	Venus	Terrestrial	0.815	6052	225.00	0	N	5.242
3	P03	Earth	Terrestrial	1.000	6371	365.25	1	N	5.513
4	P04	Mars	Terrestrial	0.107	3390	687.00	2	N	3.916
5	P05	Jupiter	Gas	317.800	69911	4332.00	79	Y	1.326
6	P06	Saturn	Gas	95.200	58232	10759.00	83	Y	0.687
7	P07	Uranus	Ice	14.500	25362	30685.00	27	Y	1.267
8	P08	Neptune	Ice	17.100	24622	60190.00	14	Y	1.633
9	P09	Pluto	Dwarf	0.002	1188	90560.00	5	N	1.871
10	P10	Eris	Dwarf	0.003	1163	203830.00	1	N	2.538
11	P11	Haumea	Dwarf	0.001	816	103000.00	2	N	1.837
12	P12	Ceres	Dwarf	0.000	473	1680.00	0	N	2.021

3) PROC PRINT 

Purpose: Display the dataset rows for quick inspection.

proc print data=work.real_planets2 label noobs;

  title 'PROC PRINT | Purpose: Display dataset rows for quick inspection';

  var PlanetID Name Type Mass_Earth Radius_km OrbitalPeriod_days Moons Has_Rings Density_gcm3;

run;

Output:

PROC PRINT | Purpose: Display dataset rows for quick inspection

Planet ID	Planet Name	Planet Type (Terrestrial/Gas/Ice/Dwarf)	Mass (in Earth masses)	Radius (km)	Orbital Period (days)	Number of known moons	Has Rings (Y/N)	Density_gcm3
P01	Mercury	Terrestrial	0.055	2439	88.00	0	N	5.405
P02	Venus	Terrestrial	0.815	6052	225.00	0	N	5.242
P03	Earth	Terrestrial	1.000	6371	365.25	1	N	5.513
P04	Mars	Terrestrial	0.107	3390	687.00	2	N	3.916
P05	Jupiter	Gas	317.800	69911	4332.00	79	Y	1.326
P06	Saturn	Gas	95.200	58232	10759.00	83	Y	0.687
P07	Uranus	Ice	14.500	25362	30685.00	27	Y	1.267
P08	Neptune	Ice	17.100	24622	60190.00	14	Y	1.633
P09	Pluto	Dwarf	0.002	1188	90560.00	5	N	1.871
P10	Eris	Dwarf	0.003	1163	203830.00	1	N	2.538
P11	Haumea	Dwarf	0.001	816	103000.00	2	N	1.837
P12	Ceres	Dwarf	0.000	473	1680.00	0	N	2.021

4) PROC MEANS 

Purpose: Provide numeric summaries (mean, min, max, std) for continuous variables.

proc means data=work.real_planets2 mean median min max std n nmiss;

  title 'PROC MEANS | Purpose: Provide numeric summaries for continuous variables';

  var Mass_Earth Radius_km OrbitalPeriod_days Moons Density_gcm3;

run;

Output:

PROC MEANS | Purpose: Provide numeric summaries for continuous variables

The MEANS Procedure

Variable	Label	Mean	Median	Minimum	Maximum	Std Dev	N	N Miss
Mass_Earth Radius_km OrbitalPeriod_days Moons Density_gcm3	Mass (in Earth masses) Radius (km) Orbital Period (days) Number of known moons	37.2152375 16668.25 42200.10 17.8333333 2.7712886	0.4610000 4721.00 7545.50 2.0000000 1.9457874	0.000150000 473.0000000 88.0000000 0 0.6873580	317.8000000 69911.00 203830.00 83.0000000 5.5132587	92.4143495 23917.15 63021.65 30.5609178 1.7621593	12 12 12 12 12	0 0 0 0 0

5) PROC FREQ 

Purpose: Frequency distribution for categorical variables like Type and Has_Rings.

proc freq data=work.real_planets2;

  title 'PROC FREQ | Purpose: Frequency distribution for categorical variables';

  tables Type Has_Rings / norow nocol nopercent;

run;

Output:

PROC FREQ | Purpose: Frequency distribution for categorical variables

The FREQ Procedure

Planet Type (Terrestrial/Gas/Ice/Dwarf)
Type	Frequency	Cumulative Frequency
Dwarf	4	4
Gas	2	6
Ice	2	8
Terrestrial	4	12

Has Rings (Y/N)
Has_Rings	Frequency	Cumulative Frequency
N	8	8
Y	4	12

6) PROC SQL 

Purpose: Use SQL to create aggregated summary tables and perform joins.

proc sql;

  title 'PROC SQL | Purpose: Create aggregated tables using SQL syntax';

  create table work.by_type as

  select Type,

         count(*) as Count_Planets,

         mean(Mass_Earth) as Avg_Mass_Earth format=8.3,

         mean(Density_gcm3) as Avg_Density format=6.3,

         sum(Moons) as Total_Moons

  from work.real_planets2

  group by Type

  order by Count_Planets desc;

quit;

proc print data=work.by_type noobs;

  title 'Summary by Type (created by PROC SQL)';

run;

Output:

Summary by Type (created by PROC SQL)

Type	Count_Planets	Avg_Mass_Earth	Avg_Density	Total_Moons
Dwarf	4	0.001	2.067	8
Terrestrial	4	0.494	5.019	3
Ice	2	15.800	1.450	41
Gas	2	206.500	1.007	162

7) PROC SORT 

Purpose: Sort the dataset for reporting or analysis.

proc sort data=work.real_planets2 out=work.real_planets_sorted;

  by descending Mass_Earth;

run;

proc print;run;

Output:

Obs	PlanetID	Name	Type	Mass_Earth	Radius_km	OrbitalPeriod_days	Moons	Has_Rings	Density_gcm3
1	P05	Jupiter	Gas	317.800	69911	4332.00	79	Y	1.326
2	P06	Saturn	Gas	95.200	58232	10759.00	83	Y	0.687
3	P08	Neptune	Ice	17.100	24622	60190.00	14	Y	1.633
4	P07	Uranus	Ice	14.500	25362	30685.00	27	Y	1.267
5	P03	Earth	Terrestrial	1.000	6371	365.25	1	N	5.513
6	P02	Venus	Terrestrial	0.815	6052	225.00	0	N	5.242
7	P04	Mars	Terrestrial	0.107	3390	687.00	2	N	3.916
8	P01	Mercury	Terrestrial	0.055	2439	88.00	0	N	5.405
9	P10	Eris	Dwarf	0.003	1163	203830.00	1	N	2.538
10	P09	Pluto	Dwarf	0.002	1188	90560.00	5	N	1.871
11	P11	Haumea	Dwarf	0.001	816	103000.00	2	N	1.837
12	P12	Ceres	Dwarf	0.000	473	1680.00	0	N	2.021

8) PROC REPORT 

Purpose: Create a formatted report combining text and numeric columns.

proc report data=work.real_planets_sorted nowd;

  title 'PROC REPORT | Purpose: Create a formatted report combining text and numeric columns';

  columns PlanetID Name Type Mass_Earth Radius_km Density_gcm3 Moons Has_Rings;

  define PlanetID / display 'ID' width=3;

  define Name / display 'Planet' width=15;

  define Type / display 'Type' width=10;

  define Mass_Earth / analysis mean format=8.3 'Mass (Earths)';

  define Radius_km / display format=comma8.0 'Radius (km)';

  define Density_gcm3 / display format=6.3 'Density (g/cm3)';

  define Moons / analysis sum 'Moons';

  define Has_Rings / display 'Rings';

run;

Output:

PROC REPORT | Purpose: Create a formatted report combining text and numeric columns

ID	Planet	Type	Mass (Earths)	Radius (km)	Density (g cm3)	Moons	Rings
P05	Jupiter	Gas	317.800	69,911	1.326	79	Y
P06	Saturn	Gas	95.200	58,232	0.687	83	Y
P08	Neptune	Ice	17.100	24,622	1.633	14	Y
P07	Uranus	Ice	14.500	25,362	1.267	27	Y
P03	Earth	Terrestrial	1.000	6,371	5.513	1	N
P02	Venus	Terrestrial	0.815	6,052	5.242	0	N
P04	Mars	Terrestrial	0.107	3,390	3.916	2	N
P01	Mercury	Terrestrial	0.055	2,439	5.405	0	N
P10	Eris	Dwarf	0.003	1,163	2.538	1	N
P09	Pluto	Dwarf	0.002	1,188	1.871	5	N
P11	Haumea	Dwarf	0.001	816	1.837	2	N
P12	Ceres	Dwarf	0.000	473	2.021	0	N

9) Example macro to create a radar of which planets have rings

Macro: %planets_with_rings 

Purpose: Generate a small table of ringed planets

%macro planets_with_rings(in=work.real_planets2, out=work.ringed);

  proc sql;

    create table &out. as

    select PlanetID, Name, Type, Mass_Earth, Moons

    from &in.

    where upcase(Has_Rings) = 'Y'

    order by Mass_Earth desc;

  quit;

%mend planets_with_rings;

%planets_with_rings(in=work.real_planets2, out=work.ringed);

proc print data=work.ringed noobs;

  title 'Planets with Rings (macro-generated)';

run;

Output:

Planets with Rings (macro-generated)

PlanetID	Name	Type	Mass_Earth	Moons
P05	Jupiter	Gas	317.8	79
P06	Saturn	Gas	95.2	83
P08	Neptune	Ice	17.1	14
P07	Uranus	Ice	14.5	27

10) Validation / QC checks using PROC SQL and data step

Purpose: Identify missing values, outliers, and logical inconsistencies.

proc sql;

  create table work.qc_checks as

  select PlanetID, Name,

         case when Mass_Earth <= 0 then 'Mass<=0' else '' end as Mass_Issue,

         case when Radius_km <= 0 then 'Radius<=0' else '' end as Radius_Issue,

         case when Missing(Type) then 'TypeMissing' else '' end as Type_Issue

  from work.real_planets2;

quit;

proc print data=work.qc_checks noobs;

  title 'QC Checks - Purpose: Identify missing or invalid numeric/categorical values';

run;

Output:

QC Checks - Purpose: Identify missing or invalid numeric/categorical values

PlanetID	Name	Mass_Issue	Radius_Issue	Type_Issue
P01	Mercury
P02	Venus
P03	Earth
P04	Mars
P05	Jupiter
P06	Saturn
P07	Uranus
P08	Neptune
P09	Pluto
P10	Eris
P11	Haumea
P12	Ceres

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