336.Can PROC SQL and PROC SORT uncover which space inventions truly transformed global technology and innovation?

Can PROC SQL and PROC SORT uncover which space inventions truly transformed global technology and innovation?

 options nocenter;

1.Creating the Dataset space_inventions

data space_inventions;

    infile datalines dlm='|' missover;

    input Invention_Name :$40. Inventor :$30. Year Country :$20. Usage :$60.

           Success_Level :$15. Date_Assigned :yymmdd10.;

    format Date_Assigned yymmdd10.;

datalines;

Artificial Satellite|Sergei Korolev|1957|USSR|Global Communication & Observation|High|1957-10-04

Space Suit|Nikolai Kamanin|1961|USSR|Astronaut Safety|High|1961-04-12

Apollo Guidance Computer|MIT Instrumentation Lab|1966|USA|Navigation System|High|1966-02-01

Space Shuttle|NASA|1981|USA|Reusable Spacecraft|Medium|1981-04-12

Hubble Telescope|NASA/ESA|1990|USA/EU|Deep-Space Observation|High|1990-04-24

Mars Rover Sojourner|NASA|1997|USA|Planetary Exploration|High|1997-07-04

International Space Station|Multiple Agencies|1998|International|Orbiting Laboratory|High|1998-11-20

Ion Propulsion Engine|NASA|1998|USA|Spacecraft Propulsion|High|1998-10-24

Reusable Rocket (Falcon 9)|SpaceX|2015|USA|Cost-Efficient Launch|High|2015-12-22

Chandrayaan Lander|ISRO|2019|India|Lunar Exploration|Medium|2019-09-07

Solar Sail Spacecraft|JAXA|2010|Japan|Photon Propulsion|Medium|2010-05-21

James Webb Space Telescope|NASA/ESA/CSA|2021|International|Infrared Space Observation|High|2021-12-25

;

run;

proc print data=space_inventions;

run;

OUTPUT:

Obs	Invention_Name	Inventor	Year	Country	Usage	Success_Level	Date_Assigned
1	Artificial Satellite	Sergei Korolev	1957	USSR	Global Communication & Observation	High	1957-10-04
2	Space Suit	Nikolai Kamanin	1961	USSR	Astronaut Safety	High	1961-04-12
3	Apollo Guidance Computer	MIT Instrumentation Lab	1966	USA	Navigation System	High	1966-02-01
4	Space Shuttle	NASA	1981	USA	Reusable Spacecraft	Medium	1981-04-12
5	Hubble Telescope	NASA/ESA	1990	USA/EU	Deep-Space Observation	High	1990-04-24
6	Mars Rover Sojourner	NASA	1997	USA	Planetary Exploration	High	1997-07-04
7	International Space Station	Multiple Agencies	1998	International	Orbiting Laboratory	High	1998-11-20
8	Ion Propulsion Engine	NASA	1998	USA	Spacecraft Propulsion	High	1998-10-24
9	Reusable Rocket (Falcon 9)	SpaceX	2015	USA	Cost-Efficient Launch	High	2015-12-22
10	Chandrayaan Lander	ISRO	2019	India	Lunar Exploration	Medium	2019-09-07
11	Solar Sail Spacecraft	JAXA	2010	Japan	Photon Propulsion	Medium	2010-05-21
12	James Webb Space Telescope	NASA/ESA/CSA	2021	International	Infrared Space Observation	High	2021-12-25

2.PROC CONTENTS (Structure Review)

proc contents data=space_inventions;

run;

OUTPUT:

The CONTENTS Procedure

Data Set Name	WORK.SPACE_INVENTIONS	Observations	12
Member Type	DATA	Variables	7
Engine	V9	Indexes	0
Created	12/12/2025 07:30:04	Observation Length	184
Last Modified	12/12/2025 07:30:04	Deleted Observations	0
Protection		Compressed	NO
Data Set Type		Sorted	NO
Label
Data Representation	SOLARIS_X86_64, LINUX_X86_64, ALPHA_TRU64, LINUX_IA64
Encoding	utf-8 Unicode (UTF-8)

Engine/Host Dependent Information
Data Set Page Size	131072
Number of Data Set Pages	1
First Data Page	1
Max Obs per Page	711
Obs in First Data Page	12
Number of Data Set Repairs	0
Filename	/saswork/SAS_work835B0001E69A_odaws01-apse1-2.oda.sas.com/SAS_workE8080001E69A_odaws01-apse1-2.oda.sas.com/space_inventions.sas7bdat
Release Created	9.0401M8
Host Created	Linux
Inode Number	201394094
Access Permission	rw-r--r--
Owner Name	u63247146
File Size	256KB
File Size (bytes)	262144

Alphabetic List of Variables and Attributes
#	Variable	Type	Len	Format
4	Country	Char	20
7	Date_Assigned	Num	8	YYMMDD10.
1	Invention_Name	Char	40
2	Inventor	Char	30
6	Success_Level	Char	15
5	Usage	Char	60
3	Year	Num	8

3.PROC SQL for Data Exploration

proc sql;

    create table inventions_sql as

    select Invention_Name,Inventor,Year,Country,Usage,Success_Level,Date_Assigned,

           intck('year', Date_Assigned, today()) as Years_Since_Invention,

           intnx('year', Date_Assigned, 10, 'same') as Date_10Years_After format=yymmdd10.

    from space_inventions

    order by Year;

quit;

proc print data=inventions_sql;

run;

OUTPUT:

Obs	Invention_Name	Inventor	Year	Country	Usage	Success_Level	Date_Assigned	Years_Since_Invention	Date_10Years_After
1	Artificial Satellite	Sergei Korolev	1957	USSR	Global Communication & Observation	High	1957-10-04	68	1967-10-04
2	Space Suit	Nikolai Kamanin	1961	USSR	Astronaut Safety	High	1961-04-12	64	1971-04-12
3	Apollo Guidance Computer	MIT Instrumentation Lab	1966	USA	Navigation System	High	1966-02-01	59	1976-02-01
4	Space Shuttle	NASA	1981	USA	Reusable Spacecraft	Medium	1981-04-12	44	1991-04-12
5	Hubble Telescope	NASA/ESA	1990	USA/EU	Deep-Space Observation	High	1990-04-24	35	2000-04-24
6	Mars Rover Sojourner	NASA	1997	USA	Planetary Exploration	High	1997-07-04	28	2007-07-04
7	International Space Station	Multiple Agencies	1998	International	Orbiting Laboratory	High	1998-11-20	27	2008-11-20
8	Ion Propulsion Engine	NASA	1998	USA	Spacecraft Propulsion	High	1998-10-24	27	2008-10-24
9	Solar Sail Spacecraft	JAXA	2010	Japan	Photon Propulsion	Medium	2010-05-21	15	2020-05-21
10	Reusable Rocket (Falcon 9)	SpaceX	2015	USA	Cost-Efficient Launch	High	2015-12-22	10	2025-12-22
11	Chandrayaan Lander	ISRO	2019	India	Lunar Exploration	Medium	2019-09-07	6	2029-09-07
12	James Webb Space Telescope	NASA/ESA/CSA	2021	International	Infrared Space Observation	High	2021-12-25	4	2031-12-25

4.PROC FORMAT for Categorizing Success Level

proc format;

    value $successfmt

        'High' = 'Highly Successful'

        'Medium' = 'Moderately Successful'

        'Low' = 'Less Impactful';

run;

LOG:

NOTE: Format $SUCCESSFMT has been output.

proc print data=space_inventions;

    format Success_Level $successfmt.;

run;

OUTPUT:

Obs	Invention_Name	Inventor	Year	Country	Usage	Success_Level	Date_Assigned
1	Artificial Satellite	Sergei Korolev	1957	USSR	Global Communication & Observation	Highly Successful	1957-10-04
2	Space Suit	Nikolai Kamanin	1961	USSR	Astronaut Safety	Highly Successful	1961-04-12
3	Apollo Guidance Computer	MIT Instrumentation Lab	1966	USA	Navigation System	Highly Successful	1966-02-01
4	Space Shuttle	NASA	1981	USA	Reusable Spacecraft	Moderately Successful	1981-04-12
5	Hubble Telescope	NASA/ESA	1990	USA/EU	Deep-Space Observation	Highly Successful	1990-04-24
6	Mars Rover Sojourner	NASA	1997	USA	Planetary Exploration	Highly Successful	1997-07-04
7	International Space Station	Multiple Agencies	1998	International	Orbiting Laboratory	Highly Successful	1998-11-20
8	Ion Propulsion Engine	NASA	1998	USA	Spacecraft Propulsion	Highly Successful	1998-10-24
9	Reusable Rocket (Falcon 9)	SpaceX	2015	USA	Cost-Efficient Launch	Highly Successful	2015-12-22
10	Chandrayaan Lander	ISRO	2019	India	Lunar Exploration	Moderately Successful	2019-09-07
11	Solar Sail Spacecraft	JAXA	2010	Japan	Photon Propulsion	Moderately Successful	2010-05-21
12	James Webb Space Telescope	NASA/ESA/CSA	2021	International	Infrared Space Observation	Highly Successful	2021-12-25

5.Macro for Importance Grouping

%macro importance_group(level);

    %sysfunc(ifc(%upcase(&level)=HIGH,Important,

                       %sysfunc(ifc(%upcase(&level)=MEDIUM,Moderate,Low))))

%mend;

data inventions_with_group;

    set space_inventions;

    length Importance_Group $20;

    Importance_Group = resolve('%importance_group(' || trim(Success_Level) || ')');

run;

proc print data=inventions_with_group;

run;

OUTPUT:

Obs	Invention_Name	Inventor	Year	Country	Usage	Success_Level	Date_Assigned	Importance_Group
1	Artificial Satellite	Sergei Korolev	1957	USSR	Global Communication & Observation	High	1957-10-04	Important
2	Space Suit	Nikolai Kamanin	1961	USSR	Astronaut Safety	High	1961-04-12	Important
3	Apollo Guidance Computer	MIT Instrumentation Lab	1966	USA	Navigation System	High	1966-02-01	Important
4	Space Shuttle	NASA	1981	USA	Reusable Spacecraft	Medium	1981-04-12	Moderate
5	Hubble Telescope	NASA/ESA	1990	USA/EU	Deep-Space Observation	High	1990-04-24	Important
6	Mars Rover Sojourner	NASA	1997	USA	Planetary Exploration	High	1997-07-04	Important
7	International Space Station	Multiple Agencies	1998	International	Orbiting Laboratory	High	1998-11-20	Important
8	Ion Propulsion Engine	NASA	1998	USA	Spacecraft Propulsion	High	1998-10-24	Important
9	Reusable Rocket (Falcon 9)	SpaceX	2015	USA	Cost-Efficient Launch	High	2015-12-22	Important
10	Chandrayaan Lander	ISRO	2019	India	Lunar Exploration	Medium	2019-09-07	Moderate
11	Solar Sail Spacecraft	JAXA	2010	Japan	Photon Propulsion	Medium	2010-05-21	Moderate
12	James Webb Space Telescope	NASA/ESA/CSA	2021	International	Infrared Space Observation	High	2021-12-25	Important

6.Using PROC MEANS for Year Statistics - I

proc means data=space_inventions mean min max n;

    var Year;

run;

OUTPUT:

The MEANS Procedure

Analysis Variable : Year
Mean	Minimum	Maximum	N
1992.75	1957.00	2021.00	12

7.Using PROC FREQ for Distribution Analysis

proc freq data=space_inventions;

    tables Country Success_Level;

run;

OUTPUT:

The FREQ Procedure

Country	Frequency	Percent	Cumulative Frequency	Cumulative Percent
India	1	8.33	1	8.33
International	2	16.67	3	25.00
Japan	1	8.33	4	33.33
USA	5	41.67	9	75.00
USA/EU	1	8.33	10	83.33
USSR	2	16.67	12	100.00

Success_Level	Frequency	Percent	Cumulative Frequency	Cumulative Percent
High	9	75.00	9	75.00
Medium	3	25.00	12	100.00

8.PROC SORT + PRINT

proc sort data=space_inventions out=inventions_sorted;

    by Country Year;

run;

proc print data=inventions_sorted;

run;

OUTPUT:

Obs	Invention_Name	Inventor	Year	Country	Usage	Success_Level	Date_Assigned
1	Chandrayaan Lander	ISRO	2019	India	Lunar Exploration	Medium	2019-09-07
2	International Space Station	Multiple Agencies	1998	International	Orbiting Laboratory	High	1998-11-20
3	James Webb Space Telescope	NASA/ESA/CSA	2021	International	Infrared Space Observation	High	2021-12-25
4	Solar Sail Spacecraft	JAXA	2010	Japan	Photon Propulsion	Medium	2010-05-21
5	Apollo Guidance Computer	MIT Instrumentation Lab	1966	USA	Navigation System	High	1966-02-01
6	Space Shuttle	NASA	1981	USA	Reusable Spacecraft	Medium	1981-04-12
7	Mars Rover Sojourner	NASA	1997	USA	Planetary Exploration	High	1997-07-04
8	Ion Propulsion Engine	NASA	1998	USA	Spacecraft Propulsion	High	1998-10-24
9	Reusable Rocket (Falcon 9)	SpaceX	2015	USA	Cost-Efficient Launch	High	2015-12-22
10	Hubble Telescope	NASA/ESA	1990	USA/EU	Deep-Space Observation	High	1990-04-24
11	Artificial Satellite	Sergei Korolev	1957	USSR	Global Communication & Observation	High	1957-10-04
12	Space Suit	Nikolai Kamanin	1961	USSR	Astronaut Safety	High	1961-04-12

9.Date Format Demonstrations 

data date_examples;

    set space_inventions;

    /* Extract Year, Month, Day from Date_Assigned */

    Year_Extract = year(Date_Assigned);

    Month_Extract = month(Date_Assigned);

    Day_Extract = day(Date_Assigned);

    /* Add 30 Days */

    Date_Plus30 = intnx('day', Date_Assigned, 30);

    /* Compare Years */

    Years_Diff = intck('year', Date_Assigned, today());

    /* Use MDY Function */

    Recreated_Date = mdy(month(Date_Assigned), day(Date_Assigned), Year);

    format Date_Plus30 Recreated_Date yymmdd10.;

run;

proc print data=date_examples;

run;

OUTPUT:

Obs	Invention_Name	Inventor	Year	Country	Usage	Success_Level	Date_Assigned	Year_Extract	Month_Extract	Day_Extract	Date_Plus30	Years_Diff	Recreated_Date
1	Artificial Satellite	Sergei Korolev	1957	USSR	Global Communication & Observation	High	1957-10-04	1957	10	4	1957-11-03	68	1957-10-04
2	Space Suit	Nikolai Kamanin	1961	USSR	Astronaut Safety	High	1961-04-12	1961	4	12	1961-05-12	64	1961-04-12
3	Apollo Guidance Computer	MIT Instrumentation Lab	1966	USA	Navigation System	High	1966-02-01	1966	2	1	1966-03-03	59	1966-02-01
4	Space Shuttle	NASA	1981	USA	Reusable Spacecraft	Medium	1981-04-12	1981	4	12	1981-05-12	44	1981-04-12
5	Hubble Telescope	NASA/ESA	1990	USA/EU	Deep-Space Observation	High	1990-04-24	1990	4	24	1990-05-24	35	1990-04-24
6	Mars Rover Sojourner	NASA	1997	USA	Planetary Exploration	High	1997-07-04	1997	7	4	1997-08-03	28	1997-07-04
7	International Space Station	Multiple Agencies	1998	International	Orbiting Laboratory	High	1998-11-20	1998	11	20	1998-12-20	27	1998-11-20
8	Ion Propulsion Engine	NASA	1998	USA	Spacecraft Propulsion	High	1998-10-24	1998	10	24	1998-11-23	27	1998-10-24
9	Reusable Rocket (Falcon 9)	SpaceX	2015	USA	Cost-Efficient Launch	High	2015-12-22	2015	12	22	2016-01-21	10	2015-12-22
10	Chandrayaan Lander	ISRO	2019	India	Lunar Exploration	Medium	2019-09-07	2019	9	7	2019-10-07	6	2019-09-07
11	Solar Sail Spacecraft	JAXA	2010	Japan	Photon Propulsion	Medium	2010-05-21	2010	5	21	2010-06-20	15	2010-05-21
12	James Webb Space Telescope	NASA/ESA/CSA	2021	International	Infrared Space Observation	High	2021-12-25	2021	12	25	2022-01-24	4	2021-12-25

10.Additional PROC Procedures to Demonstrate Complexity PROC UNIVARIATE

proc univariate data=space_inventions;

    var Year;

run;

OUTPUT:

The UNIVARIATE Procedure

Variable: Year

Moments
N	12	Sum Weights	12
Mean	1992.75	Sum Observations	23913
Std Deviation	22.361188	Variance	500.022727
Skewness	-0.4032807	Kurtosis	-1.1165758
Uncorrected SS	47658131	Corrected SS	5500.25
Coeff Variation	1.12212711	Std Error Mean	6.45511895

Basic Statistical Measures
Location		Variability
Mean	1992.750	Std Deviation	22.36119
Median	1997.500	Variance	500.02273
Mode	1998.000	Range	64.00000
		Interquartile Range	39.00000

Tests for Location: Mu0=0
Test	Statistic		p Value
Student's t	t	308.7085	Pr > |t|	<.0001
Sign	M	6	Pr >= |M|	0.0005
Signed Rank	S	39	Pr >= |S|	0.0005

Quantiles (Definition 5)
Level	Quantile
100% Max	2021.0
99%	2021.0
95%	2021.0
90%	2019.0
75% Q3	2012.5
50% Median	1997.5
25% Q1	1973.5
10%	1961.0
5%	1957.0
1%	1957.0
0% Min	1957.0

Extreme Observations
Lowest		Highest
Value	Obs	Value	Obs
1957	1	1998	8
1961	2	2010	11
1966	3	2015	9
1981	4	2019	10
1990	5	2021	12

11.Using PROC MEANS for Year Statistics - II

proc means data=space_inventions;

    var Year Usage;

run;

LOG:

69 proc means data=space_inventions;

70 var Year Usage;

ERROR: Variable Usage in list does not match type prescribed

for this list.

71 run;

NOTE: The SAS System stopped processing this step because

of errors.

/* Note: In practice above there is an Invalid in this code Find it,Correct it and Use it /*

YESTERDAY INVALID CODE ANSWER

14. Average of  Steps_Per_Day

proc avg data=work.fitness_final;

  var Steps_Per_Day;

run;

proc means data=work.fitness_final mean;

    var Steps_Per_Day;

run;

OUTPUT:

Obs	_TYPE_	_FREQ_	Avg_Steps
1	0	12	7666.67

PROC AVG does NOT exist in SAS.

To compute an average (mean), SAS uses PROC MEANS or PROC SUMMARY

Here we used PROC MEANS.

/* Note: In practice above there is an Invalid in this code Find it,Correct it and Use it /*

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