266.GLOBAL MAIZE (CORN) ANALYSIS — DATA CREATION | PROC FORMAT | PROC CONTENTS | PROC SORT | PROC PRINT | PROC FREQ | PROC MEANS | PROC SUMMARY | PROC UNIVARIATE | PROC TABULATE | PROC REPORT | PROC TRANSPOSE | PROC SQL | PROC RANK | PROC SGPLOT | MACROS | IN SAS

GLOBAL MAIZE (CORN) ANALYSIS — DATA CREATION | PROC FORMAT | PROC CONTENTS | PROC SORT | PROC PRINT | PROC FREQ | PROC MEANS | PROC SUMMARY | PROC UNIVARIATE | PROC TABULATE | PROC REPORT | PROC TRANSPOSE | PROC SQL | PROC RANK | PROC SGPLOT | MACROS | IN SAS

/*Creating a dataset of maize (corn) across the world*/

1) FORMATS: continent/region/seed type for readable output;

proc format;

  value $continent

    'AF'='Africa' 'AS'='Asia' 'EU'='Europe' 'NA'='North America'

    'SA'='South America' 'OC'='Oceania';

  value $region

    'EA'='East Africa' 'WA'='West Africa' 'NAF'='North Africa'

    'SEA'='Southeast Asia' 'EAH'='East Asia (High Income)'

    'SAH'='South Asia (High Income)' 'CAS'='Central Asia'

    'EEU'='Eastern Europe' 'WEU'='Western Europe'

    'NAM'='North America (Mainland)' 'CAR'='Caribbean'

    'AND'='Andean' 'CSS'='Cono Sur + Southern SA'

    'AUS'='Australia & NZ' 'PAC'='Pacific Islands';

  value $seedfmt

    'HYB'='Hybrid' 'OPV'='Open-Pollinated' 'GMO'='GM/Hybrid';

run;

Log:

NOTE: Format $CONTINENT has been output.

NOTE: Format $REGION has been output.

NOTE: Format $SEEDFMT has been output.

2) DATA: MAIZE PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY × YEAR (2023–2024);

data maize_world;

    length Country $30 Cont $2 Reg $4 Seed_Type $3;

    input Year 

          Country $ 

          Cont $ 

          Reg $ 

          Seed_Type $

          Area_HA 

          Production_Tonnes 

          Yield_T_HA 

          Rainfall_mm 

          Irrigated_Pct 

          Fertilizer_kg_ha 

          Mechanization_Idx 

          Export_Tonnes 

          Import_Tonnes 

          Price_USD_Ton;

    label Cont='Continent'

          Reg='Region'

          Area_HA='Harvested Area (ha)'

          Production_Tonnes='Production (tonnes)'

          Yield_T_HA='Yield (tonnes/ha)'

          Rainfall_mm='Growing-Season Rainfall (mm)'

          Irrigated_Pct='% Area Irrigated'

          Fertilizer_kg_ha='Fertilizer Use (kg/ha)'

          Mechanization_Idx='Mechanization Index (0–100)'

          Export_Tonnes='Exports (tonnes)'

          Import_Tonnes='Imports (tonnes)'

          Price_USD_Ton='Farmgate Price (USD/ton)'

          Seed_Type='Seed Category';

datalines;

2023 United_States NA NAM GMO 37000000 390000000 10.5 480 22 190 92 60000000 1500000 18

2024 United_States NA NAM GMO 37200000 400000000 10.8 475 23 192 93 62000000 1200000 17

2023 China AS EAH HYB 43000000 290000000 6.7 540 41 175 78 8000000 3500000 21

2024 China AS EAH HYB 43200000 298000000 6.9 545 42 178 79 9000000 3200000 20

2023 Brazil SA CSS GMO 21000000 135000000 6.4 520 34 160 75 28000000 900000 17

2024 Brazil SA CSS GMO 21500000 142000000 6.6 515 35 162 76 30000000 700000 16

2023 India AS SAH HYB 10000000 34000000 3.4 620 45 120 55 700000 2200000 20

2024 India AS SAH HYB 10200000 36000000 3.5 615 46 122 56 900000 2100000 19

2023 Argentina SA CSS GMO 7000000 52000000 7.4 470 21 165 80 16000000 300000 17

2024 Argentina SA CSS GMO 7200000 54000000 7.5 465 22 168 81 17000000 250000 17

2023 Mexico NA NAM HYB 7800000 27500000 3.5 580 33 130 65 900000 6000000 22

2024 Mexico NA NAM HYB 7900000 28500000 3.6 575 34 132 66 950000 5800000 21

2023 Ukraine EU EEU HYB 5200000 31000000 6.0 520 29 150 70 7000000 200000 18

2024 Ukraine EU EEU HYB 5400000 33000000 6.1 515 30 152 71 7500000 180000 18

2023 France EU WEU HYB 2700000 17500000 6.5 500 28 165 88 4500000 150000 19

2024 France EU WEU HYB 2750000 18200000 6.6 495 29 167 88 4600000 130000 19

2023 South_Africa AF WA HYB 3000000 12500000 4.2 430 18 135 72 2500000 100000 19

2024 South_Africa AF WA HYB 3050000 12800000 4.2 425 19 137 72 2600000 90000 18

2023 Nigeria AF WA OPV 5500000 14500000 2.6 740 10 60 25 200000 1200000 22

2024 Nigeria AF WA OPV 5600000 15000000 2.7 730 11 62 26 220000 1100000 22

;

run;

proc print data=maize_world; 

run;

Output:

Obs	Country	Cont	Reg	Seed_Type	Year	Area_HA	Production_Tonnes	Yield_T_HA	Rainfall_mm	Irrigated_Pct	Fertilizer_kg_ha	Mechanization_Idx	Export_Tonnes	Import_Tonnes	Price_USD_Ton
1	United_States	NA	NAM	GMO	2023	37000000	390000000	10.5	480	22	190	92	60000000	1500000	18
2	United_States	NA	NAM	GMO	2024	37200000	400000000	10.8	475	23	192	93	62000000	1200000	17
3	China	AS	EAH	HYB	2023	43000000	290000000	6.7	540	41	175	78	8000000	3500000	21
4	China	AS	EAH	HYB	2024	43200000	298000000	6.9	545	42	178	79	9000000	3200000	20
5	Brazil	SA	CSS	GMO	2023	21000000	135000000	6.4	520	34	160	75	28000000	900000	17
6	Brazil	SA	CSS	GMO	2024	21500000	142000000	6.6	515	35	162	76	30000000	700000	16
7	India	AS	SAH	HYB	2023	10000000	34000000	3.4	620	45	120	55	700000	2200000	20
8	India	AS	SAH	HYB	2024	10200000	36000000	3.5	615	46	122	56	900000	2100000	19
9	Argentina	SA	CSS	GMO	2023	7000000	52000000	7.4	470	21	165	80	16000000	300000	17
10	Argentina	SA	CSS	GMO	2024	7200000	54000000	7.5	465	22	168	81	17000000	250000	17
11	Mexico	NA	NAM	HYB	2023	7800000	27500000	3.5	580	33	130	65	900000	6000000	22
12	Mexico	NA	NAM	HYB	2024	7900000	28500000	3.6	575	34	132	66	950000	5800000	21
13	Ukraine	EU	EEU	HYB	2023	5200000	31000000	6.0	520	29	150	70	7000000	200000	18
14	Ukraine	EU	EEU	HYB	2024	5400000	33000000	6.1	515	30	152	71	7500000	180000	18
15	France	EU	WEU	HYB	2023	2700000	17500000	6.5	500	28	165	88	4500000	150000	19
16	France	EU	WEU	HYB	2024	2750000	18200000	6.6	495	29	167	88	4600000	130000	19
17	South_Africa	AF	WA	HYB	2023	3000000	12500000	4.2	430	18	135	72	2500000	100000	19
18	South_Africa	AF	WA	HYB	2024	3050000	12800000	4.2	425	19	137	72	2600000	90000	18
19	Nigeria	AF	WA	OPV	2023	5500000	14500000	2.6	740	10	60	25	200000	1200000	22
20	Nigeria	AF	WA	OPV	2024	5600000	15000000	2.7	730	11	62	26	220000	1100000	22

3) CONSISTENCY CHECKS;

data maize_world;

  set maize_world;

  if abs(Yield_T_HA - (Production_Tonnes/Area_HA))>0.05 then 

    Yield_T_HA = round(Production_Tonnes/Area_HA,0.01);

  Export_Share = round(100*Export_Tonnes/max(1,Production_Tonnes),0.1);

  Net_Trade_Tonnes = Export_Tonnes - Import_Tonnes;

run;

proc print;run;

Output:

Obs	Country	Cont	Reg	Seed_Type	Year	Area_HA	Production_Tonnes	Yield_T_HA	Rainfall_mm	Irrigated_Pct	Fertilizer_kg_ha	Mechanization_Idx	Export_Tonnes	Import_Tonnes	Price_USD_Ton	Export_Share	Net_Trade_Tonnes
1	United_States	NA	NAM	GMO	2023	37000000	390000000	10.5	480	22	190	92	60000000	1500000	18	15.4	58500000
2	United_States	NA	NAM	GMO	2024	37200000	400000000	10.8	475	23	192	93	62000000	1200000	17	15.5	60800000
3	China	AS	EAH	HYB	2023	43000000	290000000	6.7	540	41	175	78	8000000	3500000	21	2.8	4500000
4	China	AS	EAH	HYB	2024	43200000	298000000	6.9	545	42	178	79	9000000	3200000	20	3.0	5800000
5	Brazil	SA	CSS	GMO	2023	21000000	135000000	6.4	520	34	160	75	28000000	900000	17	20.7	27100000
6	Brazil	SA	CSS	GMO	2024	21500000	142000000	6.6	515	35	162	76	30000000	700000	16	21.1	29300000
7	India	AS	SAH	HYB	2023	10000000	34000000	3.4	620	45	120	55	700000	2200000	20	2.1	-1500000
8	India	AS	SAH	HYB	2024	10200000	36000000	3.5	615	46	122	56	900000	2100000	19	2.5	-1200000
9	Argentina	SA	CSS	GMO	2023	7000000	52000000	7.4	470	21	165	80	16000000	300000	17	30.8	15700000
10	Argentina	SA	CSS	GMO	2024	7200000	54000000	7.5	465	22	168	81	17000000	250000	17	31.5	16750000
11	Mexico	NA	NAM	HYB	2023	7800000	27500000	3.5	580	33	130	65	900000	6000000	22	3.3	-5100000
12	Mexico	NA	NAM	HYB	2024	7900000	28500000	3.6	575	34	132	66	950000	5800000	21	3.3	-4850000
13	Ukraine	EU	EEU	HYB	2023	5200000	31000000	6.0	520	29	150	70	7000000	200000	18	22.6	6800000
14	Ukraine	EU	EEU	HYB	2024	5400000	33000000	6.1	515	30	152	71	7500000	180000	18	22.7	7320000
15	France	EU	WEU	HYB	2023	2700000	17500000	6.5	500	28	165	88	4500000	150000	19	25.7	4350000
16	France	EU	WEU	HYB	2024	2750000	18200000	6.6	495	29	167	88	4600000	130000	19	25.3	4470000
17	South_Africa	AF	WA	HYB	2023	3000000	12500000	4.2	430	18	135	72	2500000	100000	19	20.0	2400000
18	South_Africa	AF	WA	HYB	2024	3050000	12800000	4.2	425	19	137	72	2600000	90000	18	20.3	2510000
19	Nigeria	AF	WA	OPV	2023	5500000	14500000	2.6	740	10	60	25	200000	1200000	22	1.4	-1000000
20	Nigeria	AF	WA	OPV	2024	5600000	15000000	2.7	730	11	62	26	220000	1100000	22	1.5	-880000

4) CONTENTS & QUICK PRINTS;

proc contents data=maize_world varnum; 

run;

Output:

The CONTENTS Procedure

Data Set Name	WORK.MAIZE_WORLD	Observations	20
Member Type	DATA	Variables	17
Engine	V9	Indexes	0
Created	08/20/2025 17:56:17	Observation Length	144
Last Modified	08/20/2025 17:56:17	Deleted Observations	0
Protection		Compressed	NO
Data Set Type		Sorted	NO
Label
Data Representation	SOLARIS_X86_64, LINUX_X86_64, ALPHA_TRU64, LINUX_IA64
Encoding	utf-8 Unicode (UTF-8)

Engine/Host Dependent Information
Data Set Page Size	131072
Number of Data Set Pages	1
First Data Page	1
Max Obs per Page	909
Obs in First Data Page	20
Number of Data Set Repairs	0
Filename	/saswork/SAS_work1BE4000168AA_odaws01-apse1-2.oda.sas.com/SAS_work4666000168AA_odaws01-apse1-2.oda.sas.com/maize_world.sas7bdat
Release Created	9.0401M8
Host Created	Linux
Inode Number	67108906
Access Permission	rw-r--r--
Owner Name	u63247146
File Size	256KB
File Size (bytes)	262144

Variables in Creation Order
#	Variable	Type	Len	Label
1	Country	Char	30
2	Cont	Char	2	Continent
3	Reg	Char	4	Region
4	Seed_Type	Char	3	Seed Category
5	Year	Num	8
6	Area_HA	Num	8	Harvested Area (ha)
7	Production_Tonnes	Num	8	Production (tonnes)
8	Yield_T_HA	Num	8	Yield (tonnes/ha)
9	Rainfall_mm	Num	8	Growing-Season Rainfall (mm)
10	Irrigated_Pct	Num	8	% Area Irrigated
11	Fertilizer_kg_ha	Num	8	Fertilizer Use (kg/ha)
12	Mechanization_Idx	Num	8	Mechanization Index (0–100)
13	Export_Tonnes	Num	8	Exports (tonnes)
14	Import_Tonnes	Num	8	Imports (tonnes)
15	Price_USD_Ton	Num	8	Farmgate Price (USD/ton)
16	Export_Share	Num	8
17	Net_Trade_Tonnes	Num	8

proc sort data=maize_world out=maize_sorted;

  by Year descending Production_Tonnes;

run;

proc print data=maize_sorted (obs=15) label;

  title "Top 15 Rows by Production (All Years)";

  var Year Country Cont Reg Production_Tonnes Yield_T_HA Export_Tonnes Import_Tonnes Net_Trade_Tonnes;

run;

Output:

Top 15 Rows by Production (All Years)

Obs	Year	Country	Continent	Region	Production (tonnes)	Yield (tonnes/ha)	Exports (tonnes)	Imports (tonnes)	Net_Trade_Tonnes
1	2023	United_States	NA	NAM	390000000	10.5	60000000	1500000	58500000
2	2023	China	AS	EAH	290000000	6.7	8000000	3500000	4500000
3	2023	Brazil	SA	CSS	135000000	6.4	28000000	900000	27100000
4	2023	Argentina	SA	CSS	52000000	7.4	16000000	300000	15700000
5	2023	India	AS	SAH	34000000	3.4	700000	2200000	-1500000
6	2023	Ukraine	EU	EEU	31000000	6.0	7000000	200000	6800000
7	2023	Mexico	NA	NAM	27500000	3.5	900000	6000000	-5100000
8	2023	France	EU	WEU	17500000	6.5	4500000	150000	4350000
9	2023	Nigeria	AF	WA	14500000	2.6	200000	1200000	-1000000
10	2023	South_Africa	AF	WA	12500000	4.2	2500000	100000	2400000
11	2024	United_States	NA	NAM	400000000	10.8	62000000	1200000	60800000
12	2024	China	AS	EAH	298000000	6.9	9000000	3200000	5800000
13	2024	Brazil	SA	CSS	142000000	6.6	30000000	700000	29300000
14	2024	Argentina	SA	CSS	54000000	7.5	17000000	250000	16750000
15	2024	India	AS	SAH	36000000	3.5	900000	2100000	-1200000

5) FREQUENCIES & DISTRIBUTIONS;

proc freq data=maize_world;

  tables Year*Cont Year*Seed_Type Seed_Type / nocum nopercent;

  format Cont $continent. Seed_Type $seedfmt.;

  title "Seed Types and Distribution by Continent/Year";

run;

Output:

Seed Types and Distribution by Continent/Year

The FREQ Procedure

Frequency Row Pct Col Pct

Table of Year by Cont Year Cont(Continent) Africa Asia Europe North America South America Total 2023 2 20.00 50.00 2 20.00 50.00 2 20.00 50.00 2 20.00 50.00 2 20.00 50.00 10     2024 2 20.00 50.00 2 20.00 50.00 2 20.00 50.00 2 20.00 50.00 2 20.00 50.00 10     Total 4 4 4 4 4 20

Frequency Row Pct Col Pct

Table of Year by Seed_Type Year Seed_Type(Seed Category) GM/Hybrid Hybrid Open-Pollinated Total 2023 3 30.00 50.00 6 60.00 50.00 1 10.00 50.00 10     2024 3 30.00 50.00 6 60.00 50.00 1 10.00 50.00 10     Total 6 12 2 20

Seed Category
Seed_Type	Frequency
GM/Hybrid	6
Hybrid	12
Open-Pollinated	2

proc univariate data=maize_world noprint;

  class Year;

  var Yield_T_HA Price_USD_Ton;

  histogram Yield_T_HA Price_USD_Ton;

  inset mean std min max / position=ne;

  title "Yield & Price Distribution by Year";

run;

Output:

Yield & Price Distribution by Year

The UNIVARIATE Procedure

Yield & Price Distribution by Year

The UNIVARIATE Procedure

6) MEANS & SUMMARY;

proc means data=maize_world n mean std min p25 median p75 max maxdec=2;

  class Year Cont;

  var Area_HA Production_Tonnes Yield_T_HA Rainfall_mm Irrigated_Pct Fertilizer_kg_ha Mechanization_Idx Export_Tonnes Import_Tonnes Price_USD_Ton;

  types Year*Cont;

  title "Descriptive Statistics by Year × Continent";

run;

Output:

Descriptive Statistics by Year × Continent

The MEANS Procedure

Year	Continent	N Obs	Variable	Label	N	Mean	Std Dev	Minimum	25th Pctl	Median	75th Pctl	Maximum
2023	AF	2	Area_HA Production_Tonnes Yield_T_HA Rainfall_mm Irrigated_Pct Fertilizer_kg_ha Mechanization_Idx Export_Tonnes Import_Tonnes Price_USD_Ton	Harvested Area (ha) Production (tonnes) Yield (tonnes/ha) Growing-Season Rainfall (mm) % Area Irrigated Fertilizer Use (kg/ha) Mechanization Index (0–100) Exports (tonnes) Imports (tonnes) Farmgate Price (USD/ton)	2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2	4250000.00 13500000.00 3.40 585.00 14.00 97.50 48.50 1350000.00 650000.00 20.50	1767766.95 1414213.56 1.13 219.20 5.66 53.03 33.23 1626345.60 777817.46 2.12	3000000.00 12500000.00 2.60 430.00 10.00 60.00 25.00 200000.00 100000.00 19.00	3000000.00 12500000.00 2.60 430.00 10.00 60.00 25.00 200000.00 100000.00 19.00	4250000.00 13500000.00 3.40 585.00 14.00 97.50 48.50 1350000.00 650000.00 20.50	5500000.00 14500000.00 4.20 740.00 18.00 135.00 72.00 2500000.00 1200000.00 22.00	5500000.00 14500000.00 4.20 740.00 18.00 135.00 72.00 2500000.00 1200000.00 22.00
	AS	2	Area_HA Production_Tonnes Yield_T_HA Rainfall_mm Irrigated_Pct Fertilizer_kg_ha Mechanization_Idx Export_Tonnes Import_Tonnes Price_USD_Ton	Harvested Area (ha) Production (tonnes) Yield (tonnes/ha) Growing-Season Rainfall (mm) % Area Irrigated Fertilizer Use (kg/ha) Mechanization Index (0–100) Exports (tonnes) Imports (tonnes) Farmgate Price (USD/ton)	2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2	26500000.00 162000000.00 5.05 580.00 43.00 147.50 66.50 4350000.00 2850000.00 20.50	23334523.78 181019335.98 2.33 56.57 2.83 38.89 16.26 5161879.50 919238.82 0.71	10000000.00 34000000.00 3.40 540.00 41.00 120.00 55.00 700000.00 2200000.00 20.00	10000000.00 34000000.00 3.40 540.00 41.00 120.00 55.00 700000.00 2200000.00 20.00	26500000.00 162000000.00 5.05 580.00 43.00 147.50 66.50 4350000.00 2850000.00 20.50	43000000.00 290000000.00 6.70 620.00 45.00 175.00 78.00 8000000.00 3500000.00 21.00	43000000.00 290000000.00 6.70 620.00 45.00 175.00 78.00 8000000.00 3500000.00 21.00
	EU	2	Area_HA Production_Tonnes Yield_T_HA Rainfall_mm Irrigated_Pct Fertilizer_kg_ha Mechanization_Idx Export_Tonnes Import_Tonnes Price_USD_Ton	Harvested Area (ha) Production (tonnes) Yield (tonnes/ha) Growing-Season Rainfall (mm) % Area Irrigated Fertilizer Use (kg/ha) Mechanization Index (0–100) Exports (tonnes) Imports (tonnes) Farmgate Price (USD/ton)	2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2	3950000.00 24250000.00 6.25 510.00 28.50 157.50 79.00 5750000.00 175000.00 18.50	1767766.95 9545941.55 0.35 14.14 0.71 10.61 12.73 1767766.95 35355.34 0.71	2700000.00 17500000.00 6.00 500.00 28.00 150.00 70.00 4500000.00 150000.00 18.00	2700000.00 17500000.00 6.00 500.00 28.00 150.00 70.00 4500000.00 150000.00 18.00	3950000.00 24250000.00 6.25 510.00 28.50 157.50 79.00 5750000.00 175000.00 18.50	5200000.00 31000000.00 6.50 520.00 29.00 165.00 88.00 7000000.00 200000.00 19.00	5200000.00 31000000.00 6.50 520.00 29.00 165.00 88.00 7000000.00 200000.00 19.00
	NA	2	Area_HA Production_Tonnes Yield_T_HA Rainfall_mm Irrigated_Pct Fertilizer_kg_ha Mechanization_Idx Export_Tonnes Import_Tonnes Price_USD_Ton	Harvested Area (ha) Production (tonnes) Yield (tonnes/ha) Growing-Season Rainfall (mm) % Area Irrigated Fertilizer Use (kg/ha) Mechanization Index (0–100) Exports (tonnes) Imports (tonnes) Farmgate Price (USD/ton)	2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2	22400000.00 208750000.00 7.00 530.00 27.50 160.00 78.50 30450000.00 3750000.00 20.00	20647518.01 256326208.18 4.95 70.71 7.78 42.43 19.09 41790010.77 3181980.52 2.83	7800000.00 27500000.00 3.50 480.00 22.00 130.00 65.00 900000.00 1500000.00 18.00	7800000.00 27500000.00 3.50 480.00 22.00 130.00 65.00 900000.00 1500000.00 18.00	22400000.00 208750000.00 7.00 530.00 27.50 160.00 78.50 30450000.00 3750000.00 20.00	37000000.00 390000000.00 10.50 580.00 33.00 190.00 92.00 60000000.00 6000000.00 22.00	37000000.00 390000000.00 10.50 580.00 33.00 190.00 92.00 60000000.00 6000000.00 22.00
	SA	2	Area_HA Production_Tonnes Yield_T_HA Rainfall_mm Irrigated_Pct Fertilizer_kg_ha Mechanization_Idx Export_Tonnes Import_Tonnes Price_USD_Ton	Harvested Area (ha) Production (tonnes) Yield (tonnes/ha) Growing-Season Rainfall (mm) % Area Irrigated Fertilizer Use (kg/ha) Mechanization Index (0–100) Exports (tonnes) Imports (tonnes) Farmgate Price (USD/ton)	2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2	14000000.00 93500000.00 6.90 495.00 27.50 162.50 77.50 22000000.00 600000.00 17.00	9899494.94 58689862.84 0.71 35.36 9.19 3.54 3.54 8485281.37 424264.07 0.00	7000000.00 52000000.00 6.40 470.00 21.00 160.00 75.00 16000000.00 300000.00 17.00	7000000.00 52000000.00 6.40 470.00 21.00 160.00 75.00 16000000.00 300000.00 17.00	14000000.00 93500000.00 6.90 495.00 27.50 162.50 77.50 22000000.00 600000.00 17.00	21000000.00 135000000.00 7.40 520.00 34.00 165.00 80.00 28000000.00 900000.00 17.00	21000000.00 135000000.00 7.40 520.00 34.00 165.00 80.00 28000000.00 900000.00 17.00
2024	AF	2	Area_HA Production_Tonnes Yield_T_HA Rainfall_mm Irrigated_Pct Fertilizer_kg_ha Mechanization_Idx Export_Tonnes Import_Tonnes Price_USD_Ton	Harvested Area (ha) Production (tonnes) Yield (tonnes/ha) Growing-Season Rainfall (mm) % Area Irrigated Fertilizer Use (kg/ha) Mechanization Index (0–100) Exports (tonnes) Imports (tonnes) Farmgate Price (USD/ton)	2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2	4325000.00 13900000.00 3.45 577.50 15.00 99.50 49.00 1410000.00 595000.00 20.00	1803122.29 1555634.92 1.06 215.67 5.66 53.03 32.53 1682914.14 714177.85 2.83	3050000.00 12800000.00 2.70 425.00 11.00 62.00 26.00 220000.00 90000.00 18.00	3050000.00 12800000.00 2.70 425.00 11.00 62.00 26.00 220000.00 90000.00 18.00	4325000.00 13900000.00 3.45 577.50 15.00 99.50 49.00 1410000.00 595000.00 20.00	5600000.00 15000000.00 4.20 730.00 19.00 137.00 72.00 2600000.00 1100000.00 22.00	5600000.00 15000000.00 4.20 730.00 19.00 137.00 72.00 2600000.00 1100000.00 22.00
	AS	2	Area_HA Production_Tonnes Yield_T_HA Rainfall_mm Irrigated_Pct Fertilizer_kg_ha Mechanization_Idx Export_Tonnes Import_Tonnes Price_USD_Ton	Harvested Area (ha) Production (tonnes) Yield (tonnes/ha) Growing-Season Rainfall (mm) % Area Irrigated Fertilizer Use (kg/ha) Mechanization Index (0–100) Exports (tonnes) Imports (tonnes) Farmgate Price (USD/ton)	2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2	26700000.00 167000000.00 5.20 580.00 44.00 150.00 67.50 4950000.00 2650000.00 19.50	23334523.78 185261976.67 2.40 49.50 2.83 39.60 16.26 5727564.93 777817.46 0.71	10200000.00 36000000.00 3.50 545.00 42.00 122.00 56.00 900000.00 2100000.00 19.00	10200000.00 36000000.00 3.50 545.00 42.00 122.00 56.00 900000.00 2100000.00 19.00	26700000.00 167000000.00 5.20 580.00 44.00 150.00 67.50 4950000.00 2650000.00 19.50	43200000.00 298000000.00 6.90 615.00 46.00 178.00 79.00 9000000.00 3200000.00 20.00	43200000.00 298000000.00 6.90 615.00 46.00 178.00 79.00 9000000.00 3200000.00 20.00
	EU	2	Area_HA Production_Tonnes Yield_T_HA Rainfall_mm Irrigated_Pct Fertilizer_kg_ha Mechanization_Idx Export_Tonnes Import_Tonnes Price_USD_Ton	Harvested Area (ha) Production (tonnes) Yield (tonnes/ha) Growing-Season Rainfall (mm) % Area Irrigated Fertilizer Use (kg/ha) Mechanization Index (0–100) Exports (tonnes) Imports (tonnes) Farmgate Price (USD/ton)	2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2	4075000.00 25600000.00 6.35 505.00 29.50 159.50 79.50 6050000.00 155000.00 18.50	1873832.97 10465180.36 0.35 14.14 0.71 10.61 12.02 2050609.67 35355.34 0.71	2750000.00 18200000.00 6.10 495.00 29.00 152.00 71.00 4600000.00 130000.00 18.00	2750000.00 18200000.00 6.10 495.00 29.00 152.00 71.00 4600000.00 130000.00 18.00	4075000.00 25600000.00 6.35 505.00 29.50 159.50 79.50 6050000.00 155000.00 18.50	5400000.00 33000000.00 6.60 515.00 30.00 167.00 88.00 7500000.00 180000.00 19.00	5400000.00 33000000.00 6.60 515.00 30.00 167.00 88.00 7500000.00 180000.00 19.00
	NA	2	Area_HA Production_Tonnes Yield_T_HA Rainfall_mm Irrigated_Pct Fertilizer_kg_ha Mechanization_Idx Export_Tonnes Import_Tonnes Price_USD_Ton	Harvested Area (ha) Production (tonnes) Yield (tonnes/ha) Growing-Season Rainfall (mm) % Area Irrigated Fertilizer Use (kg/ha) Mechanization Index (0–100) Exports (tonnes) Imports (tonnes) Farmgate Price (USD/ton)	2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2	22550000.00 214250000.00 7.20 525.00 28.50 162.00 79.50 31475000.00 3500000.00 19.00	20718228.69 262690169.21 5.09 70.71 7.78 42.43 19.09 43168868.99 3252691.19 2.83	7900000.00 28500000.00 3.60 475.00 23.00 132.00 66.00 950000.00 1200000.00 17.00	7900000.00 28500000.00 3.60 475.00 23.00 132.00 66.00 950000.00 1200000.00 17.00	22550000.00 214250000.00 7.20 525.00 28.50 162.00 79.50 31475000.00 3500000.00 19.00	37200000.00 400000000.00 10.80 575.00 34.00 192.00 93.00 62000000.00 5800000.00 21.00	37200000.00 400000000.00 10.80 575.00 34.00 192.00 93.00 62000000.00 5800000.00 21.00
	SA	2	Area_HA Production_Tonnes Yield_T_HA Rainfall_mm Irrigated_Pct Fertilizer_kg_ha Mechanization_Idx Export_Tonnes Import_Tonnes Price_USD_Ton	Harvested Area (ha) Production (tonnes) Yield (tonnes/ha) Growing-Season Rainfall (mm) % Area Irrigated Fertilizer Use (kg/ha) Mechanization Index (0–100) Exports (tonnes) Imports (tonnes) Farmgate Price (USD/ton)	2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2	14350000.00 98000000.00 7.05 490.00 28.50 165.00 78.50 23500000.00 475000.00 16.50	10111626.97 62225396.74 0.64 35.36 9.19 4.24 3.54 9192388.16 318198.05 0.71	7200000.00 54000000.00 6.60 465.00 22.00 162.00 76.00 17000000.00 250000.00 16.00	7200000.00 54000000.00 6.60 465.00 22.00 162.00 76.00 17000000.00 250000.00 16.00	14350000.00 98000000.00 7.05 490.00 28.50 165.00 78.50 23500000.00 475000.00 16.50	21500000.00 142000000.00 7.50 515.00 35.00 168.00 81.00 30000000.00 700000.00 17.00	21500000.00 142000000.00 7.50 515.00 35.00 168.00 81.00 30000000.00 700000.00 17.00

proc summary data=maize_world nway;

  class Year Cont;

  var Production_Tonnes Area_HA Export_Tonnes Import_Tonnes;

  output out=agg_continent (drop=_type_ _freq_)

    sum(Production_Tonnes)=Prod_Sum

    sum(Area_HA)=Area_Sum

    sum(Export_Tonnes)=Export_Sum

    sum(Import_Tonnes)=Import_Sum

    mean(Production_Tonnes)=Prod_Avg

    mean(Yield_T_HA)=Yield_Avg;

run;
proc print;run;

Output:

Obs	Year	Cont	Prod_Sum	Area_Sum	Export_Sum	Import_Sum	Prod_Avg	Yield_Avg
1	2023	AF	27000000	8500000	2700000	1300000	13500000	3.40
2	2023	AS	324000000	53000000	8700000	5700000	162000000	5.05
3	2023	EU	48500000	7900000	11500000	350000	24250000	6.25
4	2023	NA	417500000	44800000	60900000	7500000	208750000	7.00
5	2023	SA	187000000	28000000	44000000	1200000	93500000	6.90
6	2024	AF	27800000	8650000	2820000	1190000	13900000	3.45
7	2024	AS	334000000	53400000	9900000	5300000	167000000	5.20
8	2024	EU	51200000	8150000	12100000	310000	25600000	6.35
9	2024	NA	428500000	45100000	62950000	7000000	214250000	7.20
10	2024	SA	196000000	28700000	47000000	950000	98000000	7.05

7) TABULATE & REPORT;

proc tabulate data=maize_world format=comma12.;

  class Cont Year;

  var Production_Tonnes Area_HA Yield_T_HA Net_Trade_Tonnes;

  table Cont='Continent' all,

        Year*(Production_Tonnes*sum Area_HA*sum Yield_T_HA*mean Net_Trade_Tonnes*sum) / misstext='0';

  keylabel sum='Sum' mean='Average';

  title "Tabulated View: Production/Area/Yield/Net Trade by Continent & Year";

run;

Output:

Tabulated View: Production/Area/Yield/Net Trade by Continent & Year

	Year
	2023				2024
	Production (tonnes)	Harvested Area (ha)	Yield (tonnes/ha)	Net_Trade_Tonnes	Production (tonnes)	Harvested Area (ha)	Yield (tonnes/ha)	Net_Trade_Tonnes
	Sum	Sum	Average	Sum	Sum	Sum	Average	Sum
Continent	27,000,000	8,500,000	3	1,400,000	27,800,000	8,650,000	3	1,630,000
AF
AS	324,000,000	53,000,000	5	3,000,000	334,000,000	53,400,000	5	4,600,000
EU	48,500,000	7,900,000	6	11,150,000	51,200,000	8,150,000	6	11,790,000
NA	417,500,000	44,800,000	7	53,400,000	428,500,000	45,100,000	7	55,950,000
SA	187,000,000	28,000,000	7	42,800,000	196,000,000	28,700,000	7	46,050,000
All	1004000000	142,200,000	6	111,750,000	1037500000	144,000,000	6	120,020,000

proc report data=maize_world nowd;

  columns Year Cont Country Area_HA Production_Tonnes Yield_T_HA Export_Share Price_USD_Ton;

  define Year / group;

  define Cont / group format=$continent.;

  define Country / display;

  define Area_HA / analysis sum format=comma12.;

  define Production_Tonnes / analysis sum format=comma12.;

  define Yield_T_HA / analysis mean format=8.2 'Avg Yield';

  define Export_Share / analysis mean format=6.1 'Avg Export %';

  define Price_USD_Ton / analysis mean format=8.2 'Avg Price';

  rbreak after / summarize dol skip;

  title "Report: Country Contribution and Averages by Year & Continent";

run;

Output:

Report: Country Contribution and Averages by Year & Continent

Year	Continent	Country	Harvested Area (ha)	Production (tonnes)	Avg Yield	Avg Export %	Avg Price
2023	Africa	South_Africa	3,000,000	12,500,000	4.20	20.0	19.00
		Nigeria	5,500,000	14,500,000	2.60	1.4	22.00
	Asia	China	43,000,000	290,000,000	6.70	2.8	21.00
		India	10,000,000	34,000,000	3.40	2.1	20.00
	Europe	Ukraine	5,200,000	31,000,000	6.00	22.6	18.00
		France	2,700,000	17,500,000	6.50	25.7	19.00
	North America	United_States	37,000,000	390,000,000	10.50	15.4	18.00
		Mexico	7,800,000	27,500,000	3.50	3.3	22.00
	South America	Brazil	21,000,000	135,000,000	6.40	20.7	17.00
		Argentina	7,000,000	52,000,000	7.40	30.8	17.00
2024	Africa	South_Africa	3,050,000	12,800,000	4.20	20.3	18.00
		Nigeria	5,600,000	15,000,000	2.70	1.5	22.00
	Asia	China	43,200,000	298,000,000	6.90	3.0	20.00
		India	10,200,000	36,000,000	3.50	2.5	19.00
	Europe	Ukraine	5,400,000	33,000,000	6.10	22.7	18.00
		France	2,750,000	18,200,000	6.60	25.3	19.00
	North America	United_States	37,200,000	400,000,000	10.80	15.5	17.00
		Mexico	7,900,000	28,500,000	3.60	3.3	21.00
	South America	Brazil	21,500,000	142,000,000	6.60	21.1	16.00
		Argentina	7,200,000	54,000,000	7.50	31.5	17.00
			286,200,000	2041500000	5.78	14.6	19.00

8) TRANSPOSE: country-by-year pivot for yields;

proc sort data=maize_world out=for_transpose;

  by Country Year;

run;

proc transpose data=for_transpose out=yield_pivot prefix=Y_;

  by Country;

  id Year;

  var Yield_T_HA;

run;

proc print;run;

Output:

Obs	Country	_NAME_	_LABEL_	Y_2023	Y_2024
1	Argentina	Yield_T_HA	Yield (tonnes/ha)	7.4	7.5
2	Brazil	Yield_T_HA	Yield (tonnes/ha)	6.4	6.6
3	China	Yield_T_HA	Yield (tonnes/ha)	6.7	6.9
4	France	Yield_T_HA	Yield (tonnes/ha)	6.5	6.6
5	India	Yield_T_HA	Yield (tonnes/ha)	3.4	3.5
6	Mexico	Yield_T_HA	Yield (tonnes/ha)	3.5	3.6
7	Nigeria	Yield_T_HA	Yield (tonnes/ha)	2.6	2.7
8	South_Africa	Yield_T_HA	Yield (tonnes/ha)	4.2	4.2
9	Ukraine	Yield_T_HA	Yield (tonnes/ha)	6.0	6.1
10	United_States	Yield_T_HA	Yield (tonnes/ha)	10.5	10.8

9) PROC SQL: rankings, joins, derived insights;

proc sql;

  create table country_two_years as

  select a.Country, a.Cont, a.Reg, 

         a.Production_Tonnes as Prod_2023,

         b.Production_Tonnes as Prod_2024,

         a.Yield_T_HA as Yield_2023,

         b.Yield_T_HA as Yield_2024,

         case when a.Production_Tonnes>0 

              then (b.Production_Tonnes - a.Production_Tonnes)/a.Production_Tonnes

              else . end as Prod_Growth_Rate,

         case when a.Yield_T_HA>0 

              then (b.Yield_T_HA - a.Yield_T_HA)/a.Yield_T_HA

              else . end as Yield_Growth_Rate

  from maize_world as a

  inner join maize_world as b

    on a.Country=b.Country and a.Cont=b.Cont and a.Reg=b.Reg

   and a.Year=2023 and b.Year=2024

  order by Prod_Growth_Rate desc;

quit;

proc print;run;

Output:

Obs	Country	Cont	Reg	Prod_2023	Prod_2024	Yield_2023	Yield_2024	Prod_Growth_Rate	Yield_Growth_Rate
1	Ukraine	EU	EEU	31000000	33000000	6.0	6.1	0.064516	0.016667
2	India	AS	SAH	34000000	36000000	3.4	3.5	0.058824	0.029412
3	Brazil	SA	CSS	135000000	142000000	6.4	6.6	0.051852	0.031250
4	France	EU	WEU	17500000	18200000	6.5	6.6	0.040000	0.015385
5	Argentina	SA	CSS	52000000	54000000	7.4	7.5	0.038462	0.013514
6	Mexico	NA	NAM	27500000	28500000	3.5	3.6	0.036364	0.028571
7	Nigeria	AF	WA	14500000	15000000	2.6	2.7	0.034483	0.038462
8	China	AS	EAH	290000000	298000000	6.7	6.9	0.027586	0.029851
9	United_States	NA	NAM	390000000	400000000	10.5	10.8	0.025641	0.028571
10	South_Africa	AF	WA	12500000	12800000	4.2	4.2	0.024000	0.000000

10) RANK: who leads on yield and exports in 2024;

proc sort data=maize_world(where=(Year=2024)) out=yr2024;

  by descending Yield_T_HA;

run;

proc rank data=yr2024 out=ranks_2024 ties=low descending;

  var Yield_T_HA Export_Tonnes;

  ranks Yield_Rank Export_Rank;

run;

Output:

Obs	Country	Cont	Reg	Seed_Type	Year	Area_HA	Production_Tonnes	Yield_T_HA	Rainfall_mm	Irrigated_Pct	Fertilizer_kg_ha	Mechanization_Idx	Export_Tonnes	Import_Tonnes	Price_USD_Ton	Export_Share	Net_Trade_Tonnes	Yield_Rank	Export_Rank
1	United_States	NA	NAM	GMO	2024	37200000	400000000	10.8	475	23	192	93	62000000	1200000	17	15.5	60800000	1	1
2	Argentina	SA	CSS	GMO	2024	7200000	54000000	7.5	465	22	168	81	17000000	250000	17	31.5	16750000	2	3
3	China	AS	EAH	HYB	2024	43200000	298000000	6.9	545	42	178	79	9000000	3200000	20	3.0	5800000	3	4
4	Brazil	SA	CSS	GMO	2024	21500000	142000000	6.6	515	35	162	76	30000000	700000	16	21.1	29300000	4	2
5	France	EU	WEU	HYB	2024	2750000	18200000	6.6	495	29	167	88	4600000	130000	19	25.3	4470000	4	6
6	Ukraine	EU	EEU	HYB	2024	5400000	33000000	6.1	515	30	152	71	7500000	180000	18	22.7	7320000	6	5
7	South_Africa	AF	WA	HYB	2024	3050000	12800000	4.2	425	19	137	72	2600000	90000	18	20.3	2510000	7	7
8	Mexico	NA	NAM	HYB	2024	7900000	28500000	3.6	575	34	132	66	950000	5800000	21	3.3	-4850000	8	8
9	India	AS	SAH	HYB	2024	10200000	36000000	3.5	615	46	122	56	900000	2100000	19	2.5	-1200000	9	9
10	Nigeria	AF	WA	OPV	2024	5600000	15000000	2.7	730	11	62	26	220000	1100000	22	1.5	-880000	10	10

11) SGPLOT: simple visuals;

ods graphics on;

proc sgplot data=maize_world(where=(Year=2024));

  vbar Cont / response=Production_Tonnes stat=sum;

  yaxis label="Total Production (tonnes)";

  xaxis label="Continent";

  title "2024: Total Maize Production by Continent";

run;

proc sgplot data=maize_world(where=(Year=2024));

  scatter x=Yield_T_HA y=Price_USD_Ton / datalabel=Country;

  xaxis label="Yield (t/ha)";

  yaxis label="Farmgate Price (USD/ton)";

  title "2024: Yield vs Price by Country";

run;

ods graphics off;

Output:

---

12) MACROS: reusable analytics;

%macro continent_dashboard(yr);

  proc summary data=maize_world(where=(Year=&yr)) nway;

    class Cont;

    var Production_Tonnes Area_HA Export_Tonnes Import_Tonnes Yield_T_HA Irrigated_Pct Fertilizer_kg_ha;

    output out=cont_dash_&yr(drop=_:) 

      sum(Production_Tonnes)=Prod_Sum

      sum(Area_HA)=Area_Sum

      sum(Export_Tonnes)=Export_Sum

      sum(Import_Tonnes)=Import_Sum

      mean(Yield_T_HA)=Yield_Avg

      mean(Irrigated_Pct)=Irrig_Avg

      mean(Fertilizer_kg_ha)=Fert_Avg;

  run;

  proc report data=cont_dash_&yr nowd;

    columns Cont Prod_Sum Area_Sum Yield_Avg Export_Sum Import_Sum Irrig_Avg Fert_Avg;

    define Cont / group format=$continent.;

    define Prod_Sum / analysis sum format=comma12.;

    define Area_Sum / analysis sum format=comma12.;

    define Yield_Avg / analysis mean format=8.2 'Avg Yield';

    define Export_Sum / analysis sum format=comma12.;

    define Import_Sum / analysis sum format=comma12.;

    define Irrig_Avg / analysis mean format=6.1 'Avg Irrig %';

    define Fert_Avg / analysis mean format=8.1 'Avg Fert kg/ha';

    title "Continent Dashboard — &yr";

  run;

%mend;

%continent_dashboard(2023);

Output:

Continent Dashboard — 2023

Continent	Production (tonnes)	Harvested Area (ha)	Avg Yield	Exports (tonnes)	Imports (tonnes)	Avg Irrig %	Avg Fert kg ha
Africa	27,000,000	8,500,000	3.40	2,700,000	1,300,000	14.0	97.5
Asia	324,000,000	53,000,000	5.05	8,700,000	5,700,000	43.0	147.5
Europe	48,500,000	7,900,000	6.25	11,500,000	350,000	28.5	157.5
North America	417,500,000	44,800,000	7.00	60,900,000	7,500,000	27.5	160.0
South America	187,000,000	28,000,000	6.90	44,000,000	1,200,000	27.5	162.5

%continent_dashboard(2024);

Output:

Continent Dashboard — 2024

Continent	Production (tonnes)	Harvested Area (ha)	Avg Yield	Exports (tonnes)	Imports (tonnes)	Avg Irrig %	Avg Fert kg ha
Africa	27,800,000	8,650,000	3.45	2,820,000	1,190,000	15.0	99.5
Asia	334,000,000	53,400,000	5.20	9,900,000	5,300,000	44.0	150.0
Europe	51,200,000	8,150,000	6.35	12,100,000	310,000	29.5	159.5
North America	428,500,000	45,100,000	7.20	62,950,000	7,000,000	28.5	162.0
South America	196,000,000	28,700,000	7.05	47,000,000	950,000	28.5	165.0

%macro topN(metric=Production_Tonnes, yr=2024, n=10);

  proc sort data=maize_world(where=(Year=&yr)) out=_tmp;

    by descending &metric;

  run;

  proc print data=_tmp(obs=&n) label;

    var Country Cont Reg &metric Yield_T_HA Area_HA Export_Tonnes Import_Tonnes;

    title "Top &n by &metric in &yr";

  run;

  proc datasets nolist; delete _tmp; quit;

%mend;

%topN(metric=Yield_T_HA, yr=2024, n=8);

Output:

Top 8 by Yield_T_HA in 2024

Obs	Country	Continent	Region	Yield (tonnes/ha)	Yield (tonnes/ha)	Harvested Area (ha)	Exports (tonnes)	Imports (tonnes)
1	United_States	NA	NAM	10.8	10.8	37200000	62000000	1200000
2	Argentina	SA	CSS	7.5	7.5	7200000	17000000	250000
3	China	AS	EAH	6.9	6.9	43200000	9000000	3200000
4	Brazil	SA	CSS	6.6	6.6	21500000	30000000	700000
5	France	EU	WEU	6.6	6.6	2750000	4600000	130000
6	Ukraine	EU	EEU	6.1	6.1	5400000	7500000	180000
7	South_Africa	AF	WA	4.2	4.2	3050000	2600000	90000
8	Mexico	NA	NAM	3.6	3.6	7900000	950000	5800000

%topN(metric=Export_Tonnes, yr=2024, n=8);

Output:

Top 8 by Export_Tonnes in 2024

Obs	Country	Continent	Region	Exports (tonnes)	Yield (tonnes/ha)	Harvested Area (ha)	Exports (tonnes)	Imports (tonnes)
1	United_States	NA	NAM	62000000	10.8	37200000	62000000	1200000
2	Brazil	SA	CSS	30000000	6.6	21500000	30000000	700000
3	Argentina	SA	CSS	17000000	7.5	7200000	17000000	250000
4	China	AS	EAH	9000000	6.9	43200000	9000000	3200000
5	Ukraine	EU	EEU	7500000	6.1	5400000	7500000	180000
6	France	EU	WEU	4600000	6.6	2750000	4600000	130000
7	South_Africa	AF	WA	2600000	4.2	3050000	2600000	90000
8	Mexico	NA	NAM	950000	3.6	7900000	950000	5800000

%macro qc_yield(threshold=2);

  data qc_report;

    set maize_world;

    Yield_Check = abs(Yield_T_HA - (Production_Tonnes/max(1,Area_HA)));

    if Yield_Check>&threshold then Flag='Y';

    else Flag='N';

  run;

  proc freq data=qc_report;

    tables Year*Flag / nopercent norow nocol;

    title "QC: Yield Consistency Flags (> &threshold t/ha difference)";

  run;

  proc print data=qc_report(where=(Flag='Y'));

    var Year Country Area_HA Production_Tonnes Yield_T_HA Yield_Check;

    title "QC Details: Rows Triggering Yield Consistency Flag";

  run;

%mend;

%qc_yield(threshold=0.5);

Output:

QC: Yield Consistency Flags (> 0.5 t/ha difference)

The FREQ Procedure

Frequency

Table of Year by Flag Year Flag N Total 2023 10 10 2024 10 10 Total 20 20

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